The deep integration of AI and immunotherapy is reshaping the paradigm of cancer diagnosis and treatment. From biomarker discovery to personalised treatment, from adverse reaction warnings to empowering grassroots communities, despite bottlenecks such as data silos, algorithm transparency, and ethical controversies, the technical potential of AI has already begun to emerge. This paper examines the evolution of global AI medical device policies and product release trends over the past decade, identifying the issues and challenges posed by the current regulatory landscape, including: first, the structural imbalance between the regulatory system and the rate of technological innovation; second, the double-standardisation dilemma between risk classification and clinical validation; and third, the ethical paradox of data governance and algorithmic transparency. The challenges faced include: first, Technology Fusion: AI at the Crossroads with Synthetic Biology and Nanotechnology. Second, Algorithm Transparency and Ethical Paradox. Third, In-Depth Application of Regulatory Technology. Fourth, Collaborative Innovation in Industrial Ecology. Based on this, this paper provides systematic recommendations for addressing the regulation of AI medical devices: first, Building a Dynamic Adaptive Technology Supervision System. Second, Perfecting the Full Life Cycle Clinical Evidence Chain. Third, Create an Open and Collaborative Industrial Innovation Ecosystem. Fourth, Deepen International Regulatory Coordination and Cooperation. Recommendations for the regulation of AI medical devices in the field of immunotherapy: First, Multi-Modality Imaging and Treatment Integrated Platform. Second, Intelligent Empowerment of Primary Care. Third, Global Collaboration and Data Sharing.

Research indicates that immunization is the most efficacious approach for stopping the transmission of COVID-19. This study aims to offer immunization recommendations for patients with autoimmune/autoinflammatory rheumatological disorders, immunodeficiencies, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases. The intended audience includes doctors, medical personnel, and patients. This review study involved conducting a search in scholarly electronic databases, including ISI, Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed. The issue of COVID-19 vaccinations and the vaccination of patients with certain disorders was informed by the latest and pertinent authoritative publications published between 1980 and 2024. When autoimmune illness patients effectively manage their disease activity and there is no concurrent infection, they should receive the COVID-19 vaccination. Low-intensity immunosuppression does not reduce the antibody response to vaccinations. Immunization using all forms of vaccination, excluding live attenuated vaccines, is efficacious for all individuals with cancer, except for those undergoing anti-B cell therapy. Additionally, it is recommended to administer vaccinations to individuals who have underlying conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and diabetes, as these conditions heighten the chance of developing severe cases of COVID-19. To combat the COVID-19 virus, the most effective approach is to increase vaccination coverage in order to stimulate immune responses. This paper provides a thorough examination of the latest developments and existing challenges in the area of COVID-19 vaccines against cancer. Additionally, it explores the prospective future uses of vaccines in cancer immunotherapies.

The microbiota plays an essential role in the regulation of the natural immune system, influencing both innate and adaptive immunological responses. This review extracted information from available observational studies that explore the intricate cooperation between gut microbiota and immune system regulation across various health conditions, including Crohn’s disease, respiratory infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. Key findings highlight how dysbiosis, a rotation in the microbiome composition or microbial imbalance, contributes to disease pathogenesis and immune dysregulation, while specific microbial taxa and their metabolites can serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. By analyzing these studies, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the gut microbiota’s impact on immune function and its potential implications for disease prevention and management. In conclusion, this review comprehensively elucidates the complex relationship between gut flora and immune system regulation across various health conditions. The synthesized findings underscore the profound impact of microbiota composition on immune responses, from influencing disease susceptibility and severity to potential therapeutic interventions. Key insights include the identification of microbiota-based biomarkers for predicting treatment outcomes and disease risks, highlighting the potential for personalized medicine approaches. However, the few available observational studies, such as study design variability and the complex nature of microbiota dynamics, necessitate further mechanistic research to validate causal relationships and optimize clinical applications. Moving forward, integrating microbiota-targeted therapies and dietary interventions tailored to individual microbial profiles holds promise for mitigating immune dysregulation and improving overall health outcomes.

Autoimmune disorders comprise a broad category of illnesses marked by abnormal immune reactions against self‑antigens, resulting in persistent inflammation and tissue damage. This comprehensive review examines the complex mechanisms underlying the development of autoimmune disease, focusing on immunopathogenesis. We discuss the interplay between genetic predispositions, environmental triggers, and pathogens in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmunity. Key cytokines and inflammatory pathways are highlighted to illustrate their roles in disease progression. We then explore the distinct pathogenic mechanisms of organ‑speciϐic autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroid diseases, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, neuromyelitis optica, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and inflammatory bowel disease, while also reviewing the influence of gut microbiome dysbiosis on immune function. Lastly, we address biomarker identiϐication for early detection, current therapeutic strategies, and emerging treatments that target novel pathways. By integrating ϐindings from diverse studies, this review provides a holistic understanding of the immunological landscape of autoimmune disorders, paving the way for improved diagnostic and therapeutic options

The SARS-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 epidemic in early 2020, persists in posing a hazard to public health through the emergence of new mutations and surges in prevalence across several nations. Immunosuppressive medications treat both short-term and long-term inflammatory illnesses. The classification of these medications into various types is based on their action mechanisms. It is important to review the most recent data on the effectiveness and side effects of administering these drugs to patients because of the risk of severe inflammatory repercussions in COVID-19 patients, including acute respiratory failure and cytokine storm. This article presents accurate data on the advantages and disadvantages of using immunosuppressive medications in COVID-19 patients, while also providing a concise overview of the various types of these medications. Taken together, anti-inflammatory drugs and immune response inhibitors seem to be associated with better outcomes, such as shorter hospital stays and less need for mechanical ventilation, faster recovery from acute symptoms, and lower mortality rates, especially in the critically ill. However, one must consider the possibility of increasing treatment duration and vulnerability to fungal and bacterial infections. To minimize the negative effects of these medications, it is important to carefully balance their dosage and administration timing. Overall, the utilization of immunosuppressive medications, whether administered recently during illness or consistently for non-COVID-19 reasons, appears to have a beneficial impact on managing inflammation, expediting recovery, and decreasing mortality. However, it is crucial to exercise caution and avoid prescribing these drugs without proper consideration.