An Overview on Gelatin-Based Biofilm for Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing

Trends in Immunotherapy

Review

An Overview on Gelatin-Based Biofilm for Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing

Downloads

https://doi.org/10.54963/ti.v9i3.1185
Selimin, M. A., & Chuan, L. T. (2025). An Overview on Gelatin-Based Biofilm for Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing. Trends in Immunotherapy, 9(3), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.54963/ti.v9i3.1185
Volume 9 Issue 3 (September 2025) (in progress)
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Ali Selimin, Lee Te Chuan
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright

The authors shall retain the copyright of their work but allow the Publisher to publish, copy, distribute, and convey the work.

License

Trends in Immunotherapy (TI)  publishes accepted manuscripts under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Authors who submit their papers for publication by TI agree to have the CC BY 4.0 license applied to their work, and that anyone is allowed to reuse the article or part of it free of charge for any purpose, including commercial use. As long as the author and original source are properly cited, anyone may copy, redistribute, reuse, and transform the content.

Authors

  • Mohamad Ali Selimin

    Department of Production and Operations Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Univer‑ siti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja 86400, Johor, Malaysia
  • Lee Te Chuan

    Department of Production and Operations Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Univer‑ siti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja 86400, Johor, Malaysia

Received: 22 April 2025; Revised: 14 May 2025; Accepted: 18 June 2025; Published: 28 July 2025

Millions of people worldwide suffer from diabetes, and many develop chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcers that struggle to heal. Traditional wound dressings often fall short. They cannot effectively control infections or create the ideal conditions for healing. This is where gelatin-based biofilms come in. Made from collagen, gelatin is naturally compatible with the human body and can be tailored to meet the specific needs of diabetic wounds. This overview explores how gelatin-based biofilms are revolutionising wound care. Recent advances in gelatin-based biomaterials demonstrate significant promise for improving wound healing outcomes. Studies show these materials achieve 50–100% wound closure within 12–18 days, with gelatin-QAS/PCL/bioglass nanofibers and GelMA/graphene oxide composites showing remarkably rapid healing. The materials exhibit strong antibacterial properties against common pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)and E. coli, while maintaining excellent cell viability above 80%. Mechanical testing reveals favourable properties, including compressive strength of up to 412 kPa and porous structures that are ideal for tissue regeneration. Key findings include enhanced granulation tissue formation (reaching a thickness of 1.6 mm), reduced wound areas (remaining at just 4.9% after treatment), and promotion of neurovascular regeneration. The evidence suggests gelatin-based biomaterials are ready for more extensive clinical validation, with future research needed to optimise degradation rates and transition these promising results into clinical practice. They are paving the way for real-world solutions that could transform the lives of people with diabetes. By combining nature’s building blocks with cutting-edge science, these advanced dressings offer hope for faster, safer, and more effective wound healing.

Keywords:

Gelatin Biofilm Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing Wound Care Wound Dressing

References

  1. Diabetes. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes (accessed on 20 March 2025).
  2. Mukhtar, Y.; Galalain, A.; Yunusa, U. A Modern Overview on Diabetes Mellitus: A Chronic Endocrine Disorder. Eur. J. Biol. 2020, 5, 1–14.
  3. Tekielak, A.; Otto-Buczkowska, E.; Rusak, E. Less Common Forms of Diabetes in Young Population. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab. 2024, 30, 29–35.
  4. Ruze, R.; Liu, T.; Zou, X.; et al. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Connections in Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatments. Front. Endocrinol. 2023, 14, 1161521.
  5. McDermott, K.; Fang, M.; Boulton, A.J.; et al. Etiology, Epidemiology, and Disparities in the Burden of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care 2023, 46, 209–221.
  6. Swaminathan, N.; Awuah, W.A.; Bharadwaj, H.R.; et al. Early Intervention and Care for Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Low and Middle Income Countries: Addressing Challenges and Exploring Future Strategies: A Narrative Review. Health Sci. Rep. 2024, 7, e2075.
  7. Cai, M.; Liu, Z.; Sun, X.; et al. Advances in the Development of Medical Dressings for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Wounds. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 155575.
  8. Sengul, T.; Kirkland-Kyhn, H.; Karadag, A. Chronic Wounds and Dressings: An Overview of Management and Effectiveness. Nurs. Clin. 2024, 60, 1–13.
  9. Eranda, D.H.U.; Chaijan, M.; Panpipat, W.; et al. Gelatin-Chitosan Interactions in Edible Films and Coatings Doped with Plant Extracts for Biopreservation of Fresh Tuna Fish Products: A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024, 135661.
  10. Dutta, J.; Tripathi, S.; Dutta, P.K. Progress in Antimicrobial Activities of Chitin, Chitosan and Its Oligosaccharides: A Systematic Study Needs for Food Applications. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 2012, 18, 3–34.
  11. Tran, T.T.V.; Dang, T.T.; Lam, N.D.; et al. Application of Antioxidant‐ and Antimicrobial‐Rich Extracts from Hass Avocado Pulp in the Development of Chitosan/Gelatin‐Based Active Packaging Films for Raw Meat Preservation. J. Food Saf. 2024, 44, e13162.
  12. Townsend, E.M.; Sherry, L.; Rajendran, R.; et al. Development and Characterisation of a Novel Three-Dimensional Inter-Kingdom Wound Biofilm Model. Biofouling 2016, 32, 1259–1270.
  13. McGrath, M.; Zimkowska, K.; Genoud, K.J.; et al. A Biomimetic, Bilayered Antimicrobial Collagen-Based Scaffold for Enhanced Healing of Complex Wound Conditions. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 17444–17458.
  14. Patil, P.; Pawar, S.H. Wound Dressing Applications of Nano-Biofilms. In Biopolymer-Based Nano Films; Rai, M., dos Santos, C.A., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2021; pp. 247–268.
  15. Morozova, V.V.; Kozlova, Y.N.; Ganichev, D.A.; et al. Bacteriophage Treatment of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers. In Bacteriophage Therapy: From Lab to Clinical Practice; Azeredo, J., Sillankorva, S., Eds.; Humana Press: New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 151–158.
  16. Astrada, A.; Nakagami, G.; Sanada, H. Challenges in Biofilm Identification in Diabetic Foot Infections: Review of Literature. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 2024, 15347346241273112.
  17. Vinod, A.; Sanjay, M.R.; Suchart, S.; et al. Renewable and Sustainable Biobased Materials: An Assessment on Biofibers, Biofilms, Biopolymers and Biocomposites. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 258, 120978.
  18. Koohzad, F.; Asoodeh, A. Development of a Highly Porous Bioscaffold by the Combination of Bubble Entrapping and Freezing-Thawing Techniques to Fabricate Hyaluronic Acid/Gelatin Tri-Layer Wound Dressing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024, 260, 129206.
  19. Haririan, Y.; Asefnejad, A.; Hamishehkar, H.; et al. Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Gelatin-Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Containing Myrtus communis L. Extract as a Novel Transparent Film Wound Dressing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2023, 253, 127081.
  20. Julaeha, E.; Puspita, W.R.; Permadi, N.; et al. Optimization of Citrus aurantifolia Peel Extract Encapsulation in Alginate-Gelatin Hydrogel Microbeads for Antibacterial Wound Dressing Applications. Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl. 2024, 7, 100406.
  21. Khan, R.; Haider, S.; Khan, M.U.A.; et al. Fabrication of Amine-Functionalized and Multi-Layered PAN-(TiO₂)-Gelatin Nanofibrous Wound Dressing: In-Vitro Evaluation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2023, 253, 127169.
  22. Mohanto, S.; Narayana, S.; Merai, K.P.; et al. Advancements in Gelatin-Based Hydrogel Systems for Biomedical Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2023, 253, 127143.
  23. Sharma, A.K.; Kaith, B.S.; Arora, S. Synthesis of Gelatin and Green Tea Based Stretchable Self-Healing Material of Biomedical Importance. React. Funct. Polym. 2022, 172, 105188.
  24. D'souza, O.J.; Pinto, J.P.; Shettar, A.K.; et al. Biofunctionalization of Chitosan/Gelatin Composite Films Reinforced with Phyllanthus niruri Extract for Wound Healing Application. Surf. Interfaces 2023, 43, 103567.
  25. Chen, H.; Lan, X.; Zhang, Q.; et al. Improving the Comprehensive Properties of Gelatin Films by Transglutaminase and Chitosan. Food Hydrocoll. 2024, 151, 109854.
  26. Yunoki, S.; Mogi, A.; Mizuno, K.; et al. Plasticizer–Gelatin Mixed Solutions as Skin Protection Materials with Flexible-Film-Forming Capability. Heliyon 2024, 10, e25441.
  27. Kitahata, S.; Mandai, M.; Ichikawa, H.; et al. Investigation of the Effectiveness of Gelatin Hydrolysate in Human iPS-RPE Cell Suspension Transplantation. Regen. Ther. 2024, 25, 238–249.
  28. Alavi, M.; Zorab, M.M.; Ashengroph, M.; et al. Antibacterial and Wound Healing Applications of Curcumin in Micro and Nano-Scaffolds Based on Chitosan, Cellulose, and Collagen. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2022, 68, 9–14.
  29. Hussain, Z.; Thu, H.E.; Shuid, A.N.; et al. Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Wound Dressings for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Overview of State-of-the-Art. Curr. Drug Targets 2018, 19, 527–550.
  30. Capanema, N.S.; Mansur, A.A.; Carvalho, S.M.; et al. Nanosilver-Functionalized Hybrid Hydrogels of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) with Antibacterial Activity for Prevention and Therapy of Infections of Diabetic Chronic Wounds. Polymers 2023, 15, 4542.
  31. Tong, W.Y.; Abdullah, A.Y.K.; Rozman, N.A.S.; et al. Antimicrobial Wound Dressing Film Utilizing Cellulose Nanocrystal as Drug Delivery System for Curcumin. Cellulose 2018, 25, 631–638.
  32. Marston, W.A.; Usala, A.; Hill, R.S.; et al. Initial Report of the Use of an Injectable Porcine Collagen‐Derived Matrix to Stimulate Healing of Diabetic Foot Wounds in Humans. Wound Repair Regen. 2005, 13, 243–247.
  33. Moura, L.I.; Dias, A.M.; Suesca, E.; et al. Neurotensin-Loaded Collagen Dressings Reduce Inflammation and Improve Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 2014, 1842, 32–43.
  34. Holmes, C.; Wrobel, J.S.; MacEachern, M.P.; et al. Collagen-Based Wound Dressings for the Treatment of Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther. 2013, 17–29.
  35. Elhabal, S.F.; Al-Zuhairy, S.A.; El-Nabarawi, M.; et al. Enhancing Photothermal Therapy for Antibiofilm Wound Healing: Insights from Graphene Oxide-Cranberry Nanosheet Loaded Hydrogel In Vitro, In Silico, and In Vivo Evaluation. Int. J. Nanomed. 2024, 12999–13027.
  36. Xie, J.; Liu, G.; Chen, R.; et al. NIR-Activated Electrospun Nanodetonator Dressing Enhances Infected Diabetic Wound Healing with Combined Photothermal and Nitric Oxide-Based Gas Therapy. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2024, 22, 232.
  37. Manjit, M.; Kumar, M.; Jha, A.; et al. Formulation and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan Composite Nanofiber Co-Loaded with Silver Nanoparticle & Luliconazole Encapsulated Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticle for Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024, 258, 128978.
  38. Pugazhenthi, P.N.; Vijayakumar, K.; Akshaya, V.; et al. Synthesis of Bio Sponge for Diabetic Foot Ulcer. In Proceeding of the 2023 International Conference on Energy, Materials and Communication Engineering (ICEMCE), India, 14–15 December 2023.
  39. Lavery, L.A.; Oz, O.K.; Bhavan, K.; Wukich, D.K. Diabetic Foot Syndrome in the Twenty-First Century. Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. 2019, 36, 355–359.
  40. Udayakumar, G.P.; Muthusamy, S.; Selvaganesh, B.; et al. Biopolymers and Composites: Properties, Characterization and Their Applications in Food, Medical and Pharmaceutical Industries. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 105322.
  41. Luangapai, F.; Peanparkdee, M.; Iwamoto, S. Biopolymer Films for Food Industries: Properties, Applications, and Future Aspects Based on Chitosan. Rev. Agric. Sci. 2019, 7, 59–67.
  42. Gómez-Guillén, M.C.; Giménez, B.; López-Caballero, M.A.; et al. Functional and Bioactive Properties of Collagen and Gelatin from Alternative Sources: A Review. Food Hydrocoll. 2011, 25, 1813–1827.
  43. Mikhailov, O.V. Gelatin as It Is: History and Modernity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3583.
  44. Miller, E.J. Collagen Types: Structure, Distribution, and Functions. In Collagen; Nimni, M.E., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 2018; pp. 139–156.
  45. Alcaide-Ruggiero, L.; Molina-Hernández, V.; Granados, M.M.; et al. Main and Minor Types of Collagens in the Articular Cartilage: The Role of Collagens in Repair Tissue Evaluation in Chondral Defects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 13329.
  46. De Gregorio, V.; Barua, M.; Lennon, R. Collagen Formation, Function and Role in Kidney Disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2025, 21, 200–215.
  47. Alipal, J.; Pu'Ad, N.M.; Lee, T.C.; et al. A Review of Gelatin: Properties, Sources, Process, Applications, and Commercialisation. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 42, 240–250.
  48. Samatra, M.Y.; Noor, N.Q.I.M.; Razali, U.H.M.; et al. Bovidae‐Based Gelatin: Extractions Method, Physicochemical and Functional Properties, Applications, and Future Trends. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2022, 21, 3153–3176.
  49. Mushtaq, F.; Raza, Z.A.; Batool, S.R.; Zet al. Preparation, Properties, and Applications of Gelatin-Based Hydrogels (GHs) in the Environmental, Technological, and Biomedical Sectors. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022, 218, 601–633.
  50. Joy, J.M.; Padmaprakashan, A.; Pradeep, A.; et al. A Review on Fish Skin-Derived Gelatin: Elucidating the Gelatin Peptides—Preparation, Bioactivity, Mechanistic Insights, and Strategies for Stability Improvement. Foods 2024, 13, 2793.
  51. Ndlovu, S.P.; Ngece, K.; Alven, S.; et al. Gelatin-Based Hybrid Scaffolds: Promising Wound Dressings. Polymers 2021, 13, 2959.
  52. Cao, H.; Wang, J.; Hao, Z.; et al. Gelatin-Based Biomaterials and Gelatin as an Additive for Chronic Wound Repair. Front. Pharmacol. 2024, 15, 1398939.
  53. Jia, X.; Fan, X.; Chen, C.; et al. Chemical and Structural Engineering of Gelatin-Based Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Applications: A Review. Biomacromolecules 2024, 25, 564–589.
  54. Wang, Z.; Lin, Z.; Mei, X.; et al. Engineered Living Systems Based on Gelatin: Design, Manufacturing, and Applications. Adv. Mater. 2025, 24, 16260.
  55. Zhang, J.; Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Bilayer Hydrogel with a Protective Film and a Regenerative Hydrogel for Effective Diabetic Wound Treatment. Biomater. Sci. 2024, 12, 5036–5051.
  56. Borda, L.J.; Macquhae, F.E.; Kirsner, R.S. Wound Dressings: A Comprehensive Review. Curr. Dermatol. Rep. 2016, 5, 287–297.
  57. Lei, J.; Sun, L.; Li, P.; et al. The Wound Dressings and Their Applications in Wound Healing and Management. Health Sci. J. 2019, 13, 1–8.
  58. Farahani, M.; Shafiee, A. Wound Healing: From Passive to Smart Dressings. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2021, 10, 2100477.
  59. Liu, X.; Niu, Y.; Chen, K.C.; et al. Rapid Hemostatic and Mild Polyurethane-Urea Foam Wound Dressing for Promoting Wound Healing. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2017, 71, 289–297.
  60. Chen, H.; Lan, G.; Ran, L.; et al. A Novel Wound Dressing Based on a Konjac Glucomannan/Silver Nanoparticle Composite Sponge Effectively Kills Bacteria and Accelerates Wound Healing. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018, 183, 70–80.
  61. Kamińska, M.S.; Cybulska, A.M.; Skonieczna-Żydecka, K.; et al. Effectiveness of Hydrocolloid Dressings for Treating Pressure Ulcers in Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7881.
  62. Barbu, A.; Neamtu, B.; Zăhan, M.; et al. Current Trends in Advanced Alginate-Based Wound Dressings for Chronic Wounds. J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 890.
  63. Li, Y.; Hao, D.; Feng, G.; et al. A Hydrogel Wound Dressing Ideally Designed for Chronic Wound Care. Matter 2023, 6, 1060–1062.
  64. Yasmin, R.; Shah, M.; Khan, S.A.; et al. Gelatin Nanoparticles: A Potential Candidate for Medical Applications. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2017, 6, 191–207.
  65. Naomi, R.; Bahari, H.; Ridzuan, P.M.; et al. Natural-Based Biomaterial for Skin Wound Healing (Gelatin vs. Collagen): Expert Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 2319.
  66. Echave, M.C.; Burgo, L.S.; Pedraz, J.L.; et al. Gelatin as Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017, 23, 3567–3584.
  67. de Siqueira, E.C.; de França, J.A.A.; de Souza, R.F.M.; et al. Recent Advances in the Development of the Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels and Their Biomedical Applications. Res. Soc. Dev. 2023, 12, e18212843073.
  68. Van Vlierberghe, S. Crosslinking Strategies for Porous Gelatin Scaffolds. J. Mater. Sci. 2016, 51, 4349–4357.
  69. Abdullah, J.A.A.; Jiménez-Rosado, M.; Guerrero, A.; et al. Gelatin-Based Biofilms with FexOy-NPs Incorporated for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Applications. Materials 2022, 15, 1966.
  70. Eltarahony, M.M.; Elblbesy, M.A.; Hanafy, T.A.; et al. Synthesis, Characterizations and Disinfection Potency of Gelatin Based Gum Arabic Antagonistic Films. Sci. Rep. 2025, 15, 8279.
  71. Piyapan, S.; Aramwit, P. The Development of Wound Healing Patch Containing Silk Sericin and Cinnamon Extract for the Treatment of Infected Wound. In Proceedings of the 2024 16th Biomedical Engineering International Conference (BMEiCON), Chon Buri, Thailand, 21–24 November 2024.
  72. Sun, X.; Chen, X.; Wang, S.; et al. Oxygenous and Biofilm-Targeted Nanosonosensitizer Anchored with Pt Nanozyme and Antimicrobial Peptide in the Gelatin/Sodium Alginate Hydrogel for Infected Diabetic Wound Healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2025, 293, 139356.
  73. Xu, S.; Jiang, C.; Yu, T.; et al. A Multi-Purpose Dressing Based on Resveratrol-Loaded Ionic Liquids/Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel for Enhancing Diabetic Wound Healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024, 283, 136773.
  74. Ding, L.; Lin, H.; Yang, Z.; et al. Polycaprolactone/Gelatin-QAS/Bioglass Nanofibres Accelerate Diabetic Chronic Wound Healing by Improving Dysfunction of Fibroblasts. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024, 283, 136699.
  75. Hao, J.; Liu, X.; Du, Y. Fabrication of Gelatine/Fucoidan Nanogel-Coated Silver Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Wound Healing Therapy and Nursing Care. Regen. Ther. 2025, 29, 282–291.
  76. Banerjee, A.; Jabbari, P.; Martins-Green, M.; et al. A Choline-Based Bio-Ionic Liquid Functionalized Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel for Chronic Wound Healing. Eur. Polym. J. 2025, 113787.
  77. Wang, F.; Qiu, J.; Guan, S.; et al. An Ultrasound-Responsive Hydrogel with Piezoelectric-Enhanced Electrokinetic Effect Accelerates Neurovascular Regeneration for Diabetic Wound Healing. Mater. Today 2025, 84, 48–64.
  78. Cui, B.; Ren, C.; Zhang, R.; et al. Chlorella-Encapsulated Living Hydrogel Based on Gelatin and Carrageenan with Oxygen Production, Hemostatic and Antibacterial Capacity for Promoting Wound Healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2025, 308, 142356.
  79. Zhang, Z.; Huang, C.; Guan, S.; et al. Hybrid Gelatin-Ascorbyl Phosphate Scaffolds Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing via ROS Scavenging, Angiogenesis and Collagen Remodeling. Biomater. Adv. 2024, 158, 213779.
  80. Meng, N.; Zhou, C.; Sun, Z.; et al. Tailored Gelatin Methacryloyl-Based Hydrogel with Near-Infrared Responsive Delivery of Qiai Essential Oils Boosting Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities for Diabetic Wound Healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024, 263, 130386.
  81. Tao, M.; Sun, Z.; Wang, H.; et al. An NIR-Responsive “4A Hydrogel” Encapsulating Wormwood Essential Oil: Through Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammation, and Angiogenic to Promote Diabetic Wound Healing. Mater. Today Bio 2025, 101751.
  82. Suriya, R.; Manjusha, V.; Rajeev, M.R.; et al. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Dual Sensitive Iron Nanoparticles Incorporated Schiff Base Composite Hydrogel for Diabetic Wound Healing Therapy. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 2024, 42, e01121.
  83. Garcia-Orue, I.; Santos-Vizcaino, E.; Etxabide, A.; et al. Development of Bioinspired Gelatin and Gelatin/Chitosan Bilayer Hydrofilms for Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 314.
  84. Garcia-Orue, I.; Santos-Vizcaino, E.; Uranga, J.; et al. Agar/Gelatin Hydro-Film Containing EGF and Aloe Vera for Effective Wound Healing. J. Mater. Chem. B 2023, 11, 6896–6910.
  85. Wegrzynowska-Drzymalska, K.; Mlynarczyk, D.T.; Chelminiak-Dudkiewicz, D.; et al. Chitosan-Gelatin Films Cross-Linked with Dialdehyde Cellulose Nanocrystals as Potential Materials for Wound Dressings. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9700.
  86. Taheri, P.; Jahanmardi, R.; Koosha, M.; et al. Physical, Mechanical and Wound Healing Properties of Chitosan/Gelatin Blend Films Containing Tannic Acid and/or Bacterial Nanocellulose. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 154, 421–432.
  87. Ye, H.; Cheng, J.; Yu, K. In Situ Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles by Gelatin to Obtain Porous Silver Nanoparticle/Chitosan Composites with Enhanced Antimicrobial and Wound-Healing Activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 121, 633–642.
  88. Moghtaderi, M.; Bazzazan, S.; Sorourian, G.; et al. Encapsulation of Thymol in Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMa)-Based Nanoniosome Enables Enhanced Antibiofilm Activity and Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 1699.
  89. Zhu, J.; Wang, A.; Miao, X.; et al. Harnessing Gradient Gelatin Nanocomposite Hydrogels: A Progressive Approach to Tackling Antibacterial Biofilms. RSC Adv. 2023, 13, 30453–30461.
  90. Bhardwaj, D.; Bhaskar, R.; Sharma, A.K.; et al. Gelatin/Polyacrylamide-Based Antimicrobial and Self-Healing Hydrogel Film for Wound Healing Application. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2024, 7, 879–891.
  91. Abdalla, S.S.I.; Katas, H.; Chan, J.Y.; et al. Gelatin Hydrogels Loaded with Lactoferrin-Functionalized Bio-Nanosilver as a Potential Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Dressing for Infected Wounds: Synthesis, Characterization, and Deciphering of Cytotoxicity. Mol. Pharm. 2021, 18, 1956–1969.