Understanding the Immunopathogenesis of Autoimmune Disorders: A Comprehensive Review-Scilight

Trends in Immunotherapy

Review

Understanding the Immunopathogenesis of Autoimmune Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

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https://doi.org/10.54963/ti.v9i3.1007
Ismailov Imetkul, Zainab Sabah Kallow, Asmaa Edrees, Safa Ahmed Akram, Ahmed Sabah, & Abzal Zhumagaliuly. (2025). Understanding the Immunopathogenesis of Autoimmune Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Trends in Immunotherapy, 9(3), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.54963/ti.v9i3.1007
Volume 9 Issue 3 (September 2025) (in progress)
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismailov Imetkul, Zainab Sabah Kallow, Asmaa Edrees, Safa Ahmed Akram, Ahmed Sabah, Abzal Zhumagaliuly
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Authors

  • Ismailov Imetkul

    Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Medical Faculty, Osh State University, Osh 723500, Kyrgyzstan
  • Zainab Sabah Kallow

    Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Al Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq
  • Asmaa Edrees

    Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Al‑Turath University, Baghdad 10013, Iraq
  • Safa Ahmed Akram

    Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Al‑Rafidain University College, Baghdad 10064, Iraq
  • Ahmed Sabah

    Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Madenat Alelem University College, Baghdad 10006, Iraq
  • Abzal Zhumagaliuly

    B. Atchabarov Scientific‑Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan

Received: 12 February 2025; Revised: 17 February 2025; Accepted: 17 March 2025; Published: 23 July 2025

Autoimmune disorders comprise a broad category of illnesses marked by abnormal immune reactions against self‑antigens, resulting in persistent inflammation and tissue damage. This comprehensive review examines the complex mechanisms underlying the development of autoimmune disease, focusing on immunopathogenesis. We discuss the interplay between genetic predispositions, environmental triggers, and pathogens in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmunity. Key cytokines and inflammatory pathways are highlighted to illustrate their roles in disease progression. We then explore the distinct pathogenic mechanisms of organ‑speciϐic autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroid diseases, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, neuromyelitis optica, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and inflammatory bowel disease, while also reviewing the influence of gut microbiome dysbiosis on immune function. Lastly, we address biomarker identiϐication for early detection, current therapeutic strategies, and emerging treatments that target novel pathways. By integrating ϐindings from diverse studies, this review provides a holistic understanding of the immunological landscape of autoimmune disorders, paving the way for improved diagnostic and therapeutic options

Keywords:

Immunopathogenesis; Autoimmune Diseases; Gene Modulation

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