Trends in Immunotherapy

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The Influence of Nanoparticles of Graphene Oxide‑PEG on Cytokine Profile of Monocytes from Human Blood In Vitro

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https://doi.org/10.54963/ti.v9i1.882
D.I., U., M.S., B., V.P., T., K.Yu, S., S.A., Z., & M.B., R. (2025). The Influence of Nanoparticles of Graphene Oxide‑PEG on Cytokine Profile of Monocytes from Human Blood In Vitro. Trends in Immunotherapy, 9(1), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.54963/ti.v9i1.882
Volume 9 Issue 1 (2025)
Copyright (c) 2025 Usanina D.I., Bochkova M.S., Timganova V.P., Shardina K.Yu, Zamorina S.A., Rayev M.B.
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Authors

  • Usanina D.I.
    Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, 614081, Russia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Perm, 614068, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-0890
  • Bochkova M.S. Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, 614081, Russia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Perm, 614068, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5784-6224
  • Timganova V.P. Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, 614081, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4581-1969
  • Shardina K.Yu Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, 614081, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5474-8450
  • Zamorina S.A. Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, 614081, Russia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Perm, 614068, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6474-1487
  • Rayev M.B. Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, 614081, Russia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Perm, 614068, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6882-4928

This study investigated the response of human monocytes to co-culture with pegylated (linear or branched) graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, specifically examing both small (P-GOs, 100 -200 nm) and larger (P-GOb, 1-5 μm) particles at concentrations of 5, 25, and 50 µg mL–1. Human monocytes (CD14+ cells) were isolated and cultured with these nanoparticles for 72 hours. We measured cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and cytokine production. The findings showed that P-GO nanoparticles had little effect on  cytokine production, including MIF, GM-CSF, VEGF, IP-10, IL-8, HGF, and SCGF-beta in vitro. At a low concentration (5 μg mL–1),  P-GO exhibited minimal influence on cytokines, except forthe LP-GOb variant, which increased M-CSF production. Conversely, 25 and 50 μg mL–1 of P-GO nanoparticles enhanced the release of variouscytokines, including proinflammatory IL-6, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-18, IL-17, IL-16, IFN-γ, TNF-β, TNF-α, anti-inflammatory IL-1ra, IL-13, IL-10, IL-4, regulatory  G-CSF, IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), M-CSF, GM-CSF and chemokines CTACK, Eotaxin, GRO-α, RANTES, MIP-1β, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MCP-3, MIG, SDF-1α, growth factors Basic FGF, PDGF-BB, SCF, and LIF and TRAIL. Although higher concentrations of P-GO nanoparticles resulted in significant cytokine production, monocyte viability remained largely unaffected . LDH release was elevated solely in samples treated with 50 μg mL–1 of LP-GOb. BP-GOs showed minimal influence on cytokine profiles, raising M-CSF levels at the highest concentration. These results indicate that modifying graphene oxide nanoparticles may hold potential for creating graphene-based pharmacological agents.

Keywords:

PEG; Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles; Monocyte; Cytokine; Chemokine; Growth Factor

Highlights

Received: 25 November 2024; Revised: 3 January 2025; Accepted: 6 January 2025; Published: 17 January 2025

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