This study examines the multifaceted impacts of urbanization on sustainable agriculture across developing and developed economies, with a focus on land use change, resource scarcity, and socioeconomic dynamics. Using a mixed-methods approach (spatial analysis, case studies, and statistical modeling), we analyze data from 15 urban agglomerations (2018–2023) to identify key challenges: farmland conversion (average 2.3% annual loss), water stress (40% of study regions), and labor outflow (15–25% decline in agricultural workforce). We also evaluate adaptation strategies, including urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA), precision farming, and policy interventions like land zoning. Results show that UPA can reduce food miles by 30–50% and enhance local food security, while policy coherence (e.g., aligning urban planning with agricultural policies) increases sustainability outcomes by 28%. The study provides actionable insights for policymakers, farmers, and urban planners to mitigate urbanization’s adverse effects and foster synergies between urban development and sustainable agriculture.

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This study investigates water resource management strategies in sustainable agriculture amid climate change, focusing on innovation adoption, regional disparities, and policy effectiveness. Using a combination of field surveys (covering 2,500 farms across 12 countries), remote sensing data (2020–2023), and policy analysis, we identify key challenges: erratic rainfall (reducing surface water availability by 35% in arid regions), groundwater over-extraction (lowering aquifer levels by 1.2 m/year in semi-arid areas), and limited access to advanced irrigation technologies (adopted by only 22% of smallholder farms globally). We evaluate innovations such as drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and AI-based water monitoring systems, finding that drip irrigation reduces water use by 40–50% while increasing crop yields by 20–25%. Regional case studies (India, Spain, Sudan, and Japan) highlight context-specific solutions: community-managed rainwater harvesting in India, desalination-integrated agriculture in Spain, solar-powered irrigation in Sudan, and precision water management in Japan. The study concludes that policy support—including subsidies for water-saving technologies and capacity-building programs—can increase innovation adoption by 38%. These findings provide a roadmap for enhancing water resilience in sustainable agriculture under climate change.

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This study explores the optimization of ecosystem services (ES) in tropical smallholder agricultural systems amid climate change, focusing on provisioning (food production), regulating (carbon sequestration, pest control), and supporting (soil fertility) services. Using a mixed-methods approach—including field surveys (3,000 smallholder farms across 10 tropical countries), remote sensing (2020–2023), and participatory action research—we identify key climate-induced disruptions: 30–40% decline in pollinator activity (reducing crop yields by 15–20%), 25% increase in soil erosion (lowering soil organic carbon by 18%), and 35% variability in rainfall (disrupting water regulation). We evaluate three sustainable practices: agroforestry, cover cropping, and integrated pest management (IPM), finding that agroforestry enhances carbon sequestration by 45–55% and improves soil fertility by 30%, while IPM reduces pesticide use by 60% and boosts natural pest control by 40%. Regional case studies (Ghana, Brazil, India) highlight context-specific barriers: limited access to agroforestry seedlings (Ghana), low awareness of cover cropping benefits (Brazil), and insufficient policy support for IPM (India). The study concludes that targeted interventions—including farmer training programs, seed subsidies, and policy incentives—can increase adoption of ES-enhancing practices by 42%. These findings provide actionable strategies for strengthening ES in tropical sustainable agriculture under climate change.

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This study focuses on water resource management and ecosystem synergy optimization in subtropical sustainable agricultural systems under climate change, with emphasis on water use efficiency (WUE), soil water retention, and the coordination of agricultural production with aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Employing a comprehensive research approach—including field experiments (2,500 subtropical farms across 8 countries), hydrological modeling (SWAT model, 2020–2023), and stakeholder workshops—we identify major climate-induced water-related issues: 28–35% reduction in seasonal precipitation (lowering soil moisture by 22–28%), 30% increase in extreme rainfall events (causing 18–25% of farmland waterlogging), and 40% rise in evapotranspiration (reducing crop WUE by 15–20%). We evaluate four sustainable water management practices: drip irrigation with soil moisture sensors, mulching (straw and plastic), contour plowing, and agro-aquatic integration (rice-fish systems). The results show that drip irrigation with sensors improves WUE by 40–50% and reduces water consumption by 35%, while agro-aquatic integration enhances water recycling efficiency by 30% and increases soil organic matter by 25%. Regional case studies (China, India, Portugal) reveal context-specific obstacles: high cost of drip irrigation equipment (China), limited technical guidance for mulching (India), and insufficient policy incentives for contour plowing (Portugal). The study concludes that integrated interventions—such as equipment subsidies, technical training networks, and eco-compensation policies—can boost the adoption rate of water-saving and ecosystem-friendly practices by 38%. These findings offer practical guidance for balancing water resource utilization, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem protection in subtropical sustainable agriculture under climate change.

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This study focuses on the synergistic development of biodiversity conservation and food security in tropical island eco-agricultural systems, addressing the unique challenges of limited land resources, high ecological sensitivity, and vulnerability to climate change (e.g., typhoons, sea-level rise) in tropical island regions. Employing a mixed-methods approach—including field surveys (1,800 farms across 6 tropical island regions), ecological modeling (InVEST model, 2021–2024), and participatory action research—we identify key conflicts and synergies between biodiversity conservation and food production: (1) monoculture plantations (e.g., palm oil, sugarcane) reduce local plant diversity by 45–55% but contribute 60–70% of island food supply; (2) traditional agroforestry systems maintain 80–90% of native biodiversity but have 20–30% lower crop yields than monocultures; (3) climate change-induced extreme events (typhoons, droughts) reduce both biodiversity (15–20% loss of pollinator species) and food production (25–35% yield decline). We evaluate five eco-agricultural practices: diversified agroforestry (mixing food crops with native trees), pollinator-friendly hedgerows, rainwater harvesting + organic farming, intercropping of staple crops with nitrogen-fixing plants, and community-managed conservation areas. Results show that diversified agroforestry increases native plant diversity by 35–45% and improves crop yield stability by 30% (reducing typhoon-induced losses), while pollinator-friendly hedgerows boost pollinator abundance by 50–60% and increase fruit crop yields by 25%. Regional case studies (Hainan Island, China; Seychelles; Trinidad and Tobago) reveal context-specific barriers: limited access to organic fertilizers (Hainan), lack of community governance mechanisms (Seychelles), and insufficient market channels for eco-friendly crops (Trinidad and Tobago). The study concludes that integrated interventions—such as organic input subsidies, community-based conservation training, and eco-labeled crop markets—can increase the adoption rate of biodiversity-friendly practices by 40% while maintaining or increasing food self-sufficiency rates by 15%. These findings provide a scientific basis for balancing ecological protection and food security in tropical island eco-agricultural systems, supporting the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2, 13, 15).

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