Trends in Immunotherapy

Review

Immunotherapy in cancer: Where we are and what the future brings?

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https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i2.2186
Antea, K., Kristina, K., Miroslav, S., Dijana, D., Lara, B., & Vlatka, S. (2023). Immunotherapy in cancer: Where we are and what the future brings?. Trends in Immunotherapy, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i2.2186
Volume 7 Issue 2 (2023)

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Trends in Immunotherapy (TI)  publishes accepted manuscripts under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Authors who submit their papers for publication by TI agree to have the CC BY 4.0 license applied to their work, and that anyone is allowed to reuse the article or part of it free of charge for any purpose, including commercial use. As long as the author and original source are properly cited, anyone may copy, redistribute, reuse, and transform the content.

Authors

  • Krsek Antea Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
  • Krpina Kristina University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Clinic for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • Samarzija Miroslav University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Clinic for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • Detel Dijana Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
  • Baticic Lara
    Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
  • Sotosek Vlatka Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medical Science II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are recognized as the main treatment modalities for cancer. These therapeutic strategies may be effective in the early stages of the disease but are usually ineffective in advanced stages or when the cancer recurs. Recently, great efforts have been made to understand the complex interaction between the immune system and its surveillance of cancer and to find effective immunotherapies for all stages of cancer. Several types of immunotherapies, including adoptive immunotherapy, cancer vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockades, are receiving considerable attention. The clinical relevance of T lymphocytes and NK cells in combating carcinomas is beyond doubt, but their mechanism of tumor surveillance is far from being fully understood. In this review, much attention has been paid to the complex interplay between T lymphocytes, NK cells, and cancer cells and their role in immunotherapy. Moreover, in this review, we summarized the current data on cancer immunotherapies, especially cancer vaccines, T- and NK cell-based immunotherapies. In addition, we highlighted the role of biomarkers as important indicators of response to immunotherapy, as well as potential problems and solutions related to immunotherapy. Insights into the future of immunotherapy are also presented in this review.

Keywords:

biomarkers cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy

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