Prevalence, Demographics, and Clinical Characteristics of Nephroptosis in Kyrgyzstan: A Three-Year Retrospective Study-Scilight

Trends in Immunotherapy

Article

Prevalence, Demographics, and Clinical Characteristics of Nephroptosis in Kyrgyzstan: A Three-Year Retrospective Study

Downloads

https://doi.org/10.54963/ti.v9i2.1113
Chyngyz Imanaliev, Guliya Sadybakasova, Asel Imankulova, Nurbek Monolov, Akman Kadyrbekov, & Yethindra Vityala. (2025). Prevalence, Demographics, and Clinical Characteristics of Nephroptosis in Kyrgyzstan: A Three-Year Retrospective Study. Trends in Immunotherapy, 9(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.54963/ti.v9i2.1113
Volume. 9, Issue. 2 ( 2025)
Copyright (c) 2025 Chyngyz Imanaliev, Guliya Sadybakasova, Asel Imankulova, Nurbek Monolov, Akman Kadyrbekov, Yethindra Vityala
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright

The authors shall retain the copyright of their work but allow the Publisher to publish, copy, distribute, and convey the work.

License

Trends in Immunotherapy (TI)  publishes accepted manuscripts under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Authors who submit their papers for publication by TI agree to have the CC BY 4.0 license applied to their work, and that anyone is allowed to reuse the article or part of it free of charge for any purpose, including commercial use. As long as the author and original source are properly cited, anyone may copy, redistribute, reuse, and transform the content.

Authors

  • Chyngyz Imanaliev

    Department of Urology, DOC University Clinic, Salymbekov University, Bishkek 760000, Kyrgyzstan
  • Guliya Sadybakasova

    Department of Microbiology, Salymbekov University, Bishkek 720054, Kyrgyzstan
  • Asel Imankulova

    Disaster Medicine Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow 117198, Russia
  • Nurbek Monolov

    Department of Clinical and Morphological Disciplines, Salymbekov University, Bishkek 720054, Kyrgyzstan
  • Akman Kadyrbekov

    Department of Urology, Salymbekov University, Bishkek 720054, Kyrgyzstan
  • Yethindra Vityala

    Department of Pathology, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek 720054, Kyrgyzstan

Received: 21 March 2025; Revised: 12 May 2025; Accepted: 23 May 2025; Published: 5 June 2025

Nephroptosis (NP), which is marked by excessive movement of the kidneys, has attracted renewed attention due to advancements in imaging technology. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence, demographics, and clinical characteristics of NP in Kyrgyzstan using ultrasound Doppler examinations. Data from 13,235 patients at the Salymbekov University Clinic Network were analyzed over a period of three years. NP was detected in 378 (2.9%), with a higher prevalence in females (79.4%) than in males (20.6%). The most affected age group  was 20–40 years (58.5%), and right-sided NP predominated (75.1%). The number of NP cases increased annually, suggesting improved detection or changing trends. Comorbidities were found present in 57.9% of patients, with lupus nephritis (LN) being the most common (16.4%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that sex was not a significant predictor of LN in patients with NP. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone and cyclophosphamide improved kidney function in patients with NP and LN, although persistent symptoms required additional management or surgery in some cases. This highlights the importance of early detection and multidisciplinary management of NP. This study provides insights into the epidemiological patterns and clinical implications of NP in Kyrgyzstan, emphasizing the need for targeted screening, standardized diagnostic criteria, and preventive strategies for high-risk groups.

Keywords:

Nephroptosis; Ultrasound Doppler; Epidemiology; Kyrgyzstan; Prevalence; Lupus Nephritis

References

  1. Srirangam, S.J.; Pollard, A.J.; Adeyoju, A.A.; et al. Nephroptosis: Seriously Misunderstood? BJU Int. 2009, 103, 296–300.
  2. Hoenig, D.M.; Hemal, A.K.; Shalhav, A.L.; et al. Nephroptosis: A “Disparaged" Condition Revisited. Urology 1999, 54, 590–596.
  3. Wang, K.; Fan, M.; Shao, F.; Hu, F.; Xia, X. Nephroptosis Incidentally Found on 99m Tc-DTPA Renal Dynamic Scan. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2022, 47, 1099–1100.
  4. Oliva-Pascual-Vaca, Á.; Castillo-Cañuelo, M.J.; Oliva-Pascual-Vaca, J.; et al. A Systematic Review on Spinal Asymmetries in Case Studies of Unilateral Nephroptosis from a Viscerosomatic Point of View. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2422.
  5. Akberov, R.; Khairullova, Z.I. Complex Beam Diagnostics of Nephroptosis in Adults. Kazan Med. J. 2022, 81, 485–489.
  6. Mejía-Vilet, J.M.; Ayoub, I. The Use of Glucocorticoids in Lupus Nephritis: New Pathways for an Old Drug. Front. Med. 2021, 8, 622225.
  7. Chang, A.; Clark, M.R.; Ko, K. Cellular Aspects of the Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2021, 33, 197–204.
  8. Salama, A.D.; Caplin, B. Lupus Nephritis and Chronic Kidney Disease. J. Rheumatol. 2020, 47, 1303–1304.
  9. Tamirou, F.; Houssiau, F. A. Management of Lupus Nephritis. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 670.
  10. Foster, M.C.; Hwang, S.J.; Porter, S.A.; et al. Fatty Kidney, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease: The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 2011, 58, 784–790.
  11. Kovesdy, C.P.; Furth, S.L.; Zoccali, C.; et al. Obesity and Kidney Disease: Hidden Consequences of the Epidemic. J. Nephrol. 2017, 30, 1–10.
  12. Masuo, K.; Tuck, M.L.; Lambert, G.W. Hypertension and Diabetes in Obesity. Int. J. Hypertens. 2011, 2011, 695869.
  13. Theofilis, P.; Vordoni, A.; Koukoulaki, M.; et al. Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Contemporary Concepts and Future Therapeutic Perspectives. Am. J. Nephrol. 2021, 52, 693–701.
  14. Scurt, F.G.; Ganz, M.J.; Herzog, C.; et al. Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease. Obes. Rev. 2024, 25, e13649.
  15. Nordheim, E.; Geir Jenssen, T. Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr. Connect. 2021, 10, R151–R159.
  16. Lai, K.N.; Tang, S.C.; Mok, C. C. Treatment for Lupus Nephritis: A Revisit. Nephrology (Carlton) 2005, 10, 180–188.
  17. Ma, X.; Shen, E.; Yuan, J.; et al. Volumetric B-Mode Ultrasound and Doppler Imaging: Automatic Tracking With One Single Camera. Ultrason. Imaging 2024, 46, 90–101.
  18. Zhang, H.; Chen, Y.; Liu, P.; et al. Evaluation of the Safety and Efficiency of Color Doppler Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Clinical Practice: Results from a Retrospective Study. Ren. Fail. 2023, 45, 2275714.
  19. Otunchieva, A.; Smanalieva, J.; Ploeger, A. Dietary Quality of Women of Reproductive Age in Low-Income Settings: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kyrgyzstan. Nutrients 2022, 14, 289.
  20. Grauer, R.; Gray, M.; Schenkman, N. Modified Whitaker test: a novel diagnostic for nephroptosis. BMJ. Case. Rep. 2020, 13, e235108.
  21. Murari, S.B.; Gadepalli, T.; Rao, V.P.; et al. Renal Scintigraphy in Diagnosis and Management of Nephroptosis. Indian J. Nucl. Med. 2012, 27, 52–54.
  22. Kuma, A.; Kato, A. Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors for the Incidence and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Population. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3787.
  23. Correa-Rodríguez, M.; González-Ruíz, K.; Rincón-Pabón, D.; et al. Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated with Increased Cardiometabolic Risk in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1106.
  24. Isaacs, I. Medial Ptosis of the Kidney. Clin. Radiol. 1971, 22, 214–218.
  25. Kumar, R.; Gupta, R.; Reddy, S.N.; et al. Nephroptosis: The Tc-99m Glucoheptonate Scan as a Diagnostic Method. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2000, 25, 473.
  26. ACCESS Trial Group. Treatment of Lupus Nephritis with Abatacept: The Abatacept and Cyclophosphamide Combination Efficacy and Safety Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014, 66, 3096–3104.
  27. Gaston, R.S. Current and Evolving Immunosuppressive Regimens in Kidney Transplantation. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006, 47, S3–S21.
  28. Wiseman, A.C. Immunosuppressive Medications. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2016, 11, 332–343.
  29. Rassweiler, J.J.; Frede, T.; Recker, F.; et al. Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephropexy. Urol. Clin. N. Am. 2001, 28, 137–144.
  30. Rehman, J.; Hoenig, D.M. Laparoscopic Nephropexy. J. Endourol. 2000, 14, 881–888.
  31. Wszolek, M.F.; Wotkowicz, C.; Libertino, J.A. Surgical Management of Large Renal Tumors. Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol. 2008, 5, 35–46.
  32. Golab, A.; Slojewski, M.; Gliniewicz, B.; et al. Retroperitoneoscopic Nephropexy in the Treatment of Symptomatic Nephroptosis with 2-Point Renal Fixation. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan. Tech. 2009, 19, 356–359.
  33. Gözen, A.S.; Rassweiler, J.J.; Neuwinger, F.; et al. Long-Term Outcome of Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Nephropexy. J. Endourol. 2008, 22, 2263–2267.
  34. Lane, B.R.; Fergany, A.F.; Linehan, W.M.; et al. Should Preservable Parenchyma, And Not Tumor Size, Be the Main Determinant of the Feasibility of Partial Nephrectomy? Urology 2010, 76, 608–609.
  35. Starownik, R.; Golabek, T.; Bar, K.; et al. Percutaneous Nephrostomy for Symptomatic Hypermobile Kidney: A Single Centre Experience. Wideochir. Inne Tech. Maloinwazyjne 2014, 9, 501–504.
  36. Ghandour, R.A.; Danzig, M.R.; McKiernan, J.M. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Risks and Benefits of Nephron-Sparing Surgery for T1 Tumors. Adv. Chronic. Kidney Dis. 2015, 22, 258–265.