Understanding the dynamics of pre-earthquake seismicity is crucial for advancing earthquake forecast and risk assessment. In this paper, we embark on a mathematical exploration of pre-earthquake seismic activity, aiming to elucidate the underlying patterns and mechanisms leading up to major seismic events. Leveraging probabilistic modeling techniques, we analyze historical seismic data to ident...

On January 1, 2024, at 16:10, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck the Noto region of Ishikawa Prefecture. The maximum seismic intensity of 7 was observed in Shika Town in the Noto region. About 10 minutes after the earthquake, a major tsunami warning and other related advisories were issued. The Japan Meteorological Agency designated this event as the “2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake.” The Shika N...

The Campi Flegrei area (CF) is a highly significant site for scientific investigation due to its dual importance in both Earth and Planetary Sciences. On the one hand, from a natural hazard perspective, CF is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth because of its proximity to a densely populated urban area—the Neapolitan district, which hosts approximately three million people l...

A dam is a hydraulic structure made of natural materials, such as earth, or artificial ones, such as concrete, whose main function is to block a watercourse to create an artificial basin for multiple purposes, including irrigation, energy production, flow regulation, and protection. These structures allow for the storage of large quantities of water, which, in the event of a collapse, can have ...

Wildfires pose a growing global danger for ecosystems and human activities. The degraded ecosystem functions of burnt sites, include, among others, shifts in hydrological processes, land cover, vegetation, and soil erosion, that make them more vulnerable to flood and extreme sediment transport risks. Several post-fire erosion and flood protection treatments (PFPs) have been developed to avoid a...

Drought identification is crucial for various environmental and ecological considerations. This study observed the spatial and temporal variations of drought based on the satellite-derived Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) across different time scales—i.e., winter, pre-monsoon, and annual—compared with remotely sensed Land Surface Temperature (LST) and precipitation. MODIS NDVI products, LST, an...

Historic arch bridges, a common feature of Turkish infrastructure, represent a significant aspect of the country’s cultural heritage. To ensure their continued existence and preservation, it is essential to conduct a detailed examination of their structural features and behaviours. This study aimed to investigate the performance of the historic Yeşiltepe Bridge under earthquake conditions. To a...

Glacier retreat, a major impact of climate change that continues to occur in many parts of the world, continues to increase the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in northern Pakistan. The rapid melting of glaciers in the mountains of Northern Pakistan, including the Hindu Kush, the Himalayas and the Karakoram, has led to the formation of 3044 glacial lakes, with 33 identified as part...

Forest-fire is a pressing global problem that has far-reaching effects on human life and the environment, with climate change exacerbating their frequency and intensity. There is an urgent need for advanced predictive systems to mitigate these impacts. To address this issue, this study introduces a forest-fire prediction framework integrating wireless sensor networks (WSNs), data analysis, and ...