Volume 4 Issue 1 (2025): In Progress

Cyberspace is the foundation of modern economic, social, and governmental activities, making cybersecurity an essential component in addressing the escalating threat of cyberattacks. These attacks, which exploit vulnerabilities through methods such as malware, data breaches, and Distributed Denial of Service attacks, lead to significant disruptions ranging from financial losses for businesses to political and military consequences. As the digital landscape evolves, the need for robust cybersecurity measures to protect interconnected systems and safeguard digital ecosystems becomes increasingly urgent. This paper provides a review of the foundational concepts of cybersecurity, offering an in-depth analysis of current challenges and strategies. Furthermore, by critically assessing the weaknesses in existing methods, this study identifies knowledge gaps and proposes actionable future research directions aimed at mitigating cyber threats.

This review paper presents Single-Inductor Dual-Output (SIDO) and Single-Inductor Multi-Output (SIMO) DC-DC converters with our proposed exclusive control method. First, we provide an overview of three fundamental types of switching converters: the buck converter, the boost converter, and the buck-boost converter, all using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals for their control. Next, we introduce SIDO converters with the exclusive control method, including the PWM control, the ripple control, the hysteretic control, and the soft-switching (with zero-voltage switching). In addition, we introduce its extension to a configuration of the dual-output Single Ended Inductor Converter (SEPIC) with the buck-boost converter, the high boost converter and the multiplied boost converter. Finally, we show exploration of four-output converters using our proposed voltage comparative circuit. The exclusive control method requires a few additional components but does not rely on current sensors. Also, it is not influenced by the output voltage or current value. Furthermore, we look ahead to future research directions for improving the subject.