Apathy and Attrition: Exploring Student Disengagement Toward Longer Texts in Literature Classes

Haydee G. Adalia ORCID ,  Abdul-Baqui A. Berik ORCID ,  Clarisse D. Paraguya ORCID

    Received: 7 July 2025; Revised: 30 July 2025; Accepted: 28 November 2025; Published: 5 December 2025

    Abstract

    This qualitative study explores the factors contributing to student apathy and attrition when reading longer literary texts in higher education literature classes and examines how students perceive the relevance and emotional impact of these extended readings. Using semi-structured interviews with sixteen purposively selected students, the study uncovers themes that reflect both internal and external barriers to engagement. Findings reveal that students often feel overwhelmed by the complexity and length of texts, citing time constraints, mental fatigue, and unfamiliar language as significant deterrents to sustained reading. Classroom-related challenges such as noise, lack of supportive reading environments, and insufficient instructional scaffolding further exacerbate disengagement. Additionally, many students questioned the relevance of traditional texts to their lives, describing a disconnect between the content and their contemporary realities. However, a number of participants acknowledged the academic benefits of reading longer works, particularly in enhancing vocabulary and critical thinking. Emotional responses to reading ranged from frustration and boredom to moments of motivation, especially when themes resonated personally or were unpacked meaningfully in class. By situating these findings within existing literature, the study addresses a gap in understanding how college students experience and emotionally respond to long-form literary reading. It offers implications for creating more responsive, relevant, and supportive literature instruction in the classroom.

    Keywords

    References

    1. 1. Chipchase, L.; Davidson, M.; Blackstock, F.; et al. Conceptualising and Measuring Student Disengagement in Higher Education: A Synthesis of the Literature. Int. J. High. Educ. 2017, 6, 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n2p31
    2. 2. Onishi, K. Students’ Perceived Apathy States in Academics. Jpn. J. Educ. Psychol. 2016, 64, 340–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5926/jjep.64.340
    3. 3. Ajjawi, R.; Dracup, M.; Zacharias, N.; et al. Persisting students’ explanations of and emotional responses to academic failure. Higher Educ. Res. Dev. 2020, 39, 185–199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1664999
    4. 4. Tinto, V. Dropout from Higher Education: A Theoretical Synthesis of Recent Research. Rev. Educ. Res. 1975, 45, 89–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543045001089
    5. 5. Pérez-Juárez, M.Á.; González-Ortega, D.; Aguiar-Pérez, J.M. Digital Distractions from the Point of View of Higher Education Students. arXiv preprint 2024, arXiv:2402.05249. Available online: https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.05249
    6. 6. Azizah, A.N.; Al Farhan, M.; Murtiningsih, T.; et al. Students’ Engagement in Reading through Literature Circles. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Education for All (ICEDUALL 2023). Available online: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-226-2_28
    7. 7. Guthrie, J.T.; Wigfield, A. Instructional Contexts for Engagement and Achievement in Reading. In Handbook of Research on Student Engagement; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 601–634.
    8. 8. List, A.; Bråten, I.; Du, X. Predictors and Outcomes of Behavioral Engagement in the Context of Text Comprehension. Read. Writ. 2021, 34, 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-021-10205-x
    9. 9. Barotas, L.O.; Palma, R.C. Student Reading Motivation: Attitudes, Engagement and Strategies. Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud. 2023, 38, 9–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/AJESS/2023/v38i1815/
    10. 10. Lin, Y. A Reflection of Learners’ Motivation to Read, Self-Assessment, Critical Thinking, and Academic Well-Being in Extensive and Intensive Reading Offline Instruction: A Focus on Self-Determination Theory. Learn. Motiv. 2025, 89, 102093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2024.102093
    11. 11. Cekiso, M.; Boakye, N.; Olifant, F. Understanding the Reading Practices of First-Year University Students through Their Experiences. Literator 2025, 46, a2105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/lit.v46i1.2105
    12. 12. Casey, H.K. Engaging the Disengaged: Using Learning Clubs to Motivate Struggling Adolescent Readers and Writers. J. Adolesc. Adult Lit. 2008, 52, 284–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.52.4.2
    13. 13. Steffens, D.C.; Fahed, M.; Manning, K.J.; et al. The Neurobiology of Apathy in Depression and Neurocognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Review of Epidemiological, Clinical, Neuropsychological and Biological Research. Transl. Psychiatry 2022, 12, 525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02292-3
    14. 14. Ryan, R.M.; Deci, E.L. Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being. Am. Psychol. 2000, 55, 68–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
    15. 15. Giunchiglia, F.; Zeni, M.; Gobbi, E.; et al. Mobile social media usage and academic performance. arXiv preprint 2020, arXiv:2004.01392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.01392
    16. 16. Lyngs, U.; Lukoff, K.; Slovak, P.; et al. 'I Just Want to Hack Myself to Not Get Distracted': Evaluating Design Interventions for Self-Control on Facebook. arXiv preprint 2020, arXiv:2001.04180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2001.04180
    17. 17. Rykard, T. Digital Distractions: Using Action Research to Explore Students’ Cyberslacking Behaviors. Schol. Commons 2020, 1–20. Available online: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5901
    18. 18. Hazelhurst, S.; Johnson, Y.; Sanders, I. An empirical analysis of the relationship between web usage and academic performance in undergraduate students. arXiv preprint 2011, arXiv:1110.6267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1110.6267
    19. 19. Flanigan, A.; Brady, A.; Dai, Y.; et al. Managing Student Digital Distraction in the College Classroom: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 2023, 35, 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09780-y
    20. 20. Fan, L.; Pan, C.; Bai, X.; et al. The Impact of Relevant versus Irrelevant Media Multitasking on Academic Performance during Online Learning: A Serial of Mediating Models. Front. Psychiatry 2025, 16, 1599827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1599827
    21. 21. Park, J.; Paxtle-Granjeno, J.; Ok, M.W. Preventing Digital Distraction in Secondary Classrooms: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Comput. Educ. 2024, 227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105223
    22. 22. Bellur, S.; Nowak, K.L.; Hullman, J. Digital Distractions Outside the Classroom: An Empirical Study of Multitasking and Academic Performance. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seoul, South Korea, 18–23 April 2015; pp. 1073–1082.
    23. 23. Wang, C.; Salisbury-Glennon, J.D.; Dai, Y. Empowering College Students to Decrease Digital Distraction through Self-Regulated Learning Strategies. Contemp. Educ. Technol. 2022, 14, ep388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/12456
    24. 24. Mann, S. The Students’ Experience of Reading. High. Educ. 2000, 39, 297–317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003953002704
    25. 25. Koessmeier, C.; Büttner, O.B. Why Are We Distracted by Social Media? Distraction Situations and Strategies, Reasons for Distraction, and Individual Differences. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 711416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.711416
    26. 26. Talenta, P.; Himawati, U. Reading Together, Learning Together: The Impact of Literature Circles on Student Engagement in Reading. J. CULTURE 2023, 10, 47–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53873/culture.v10i2.538
    27. 27. Roberts, G.J.; Lindström, E.R.; Jimenez, Z.; et al. Intervention Research for Students with Co-occurring Reading Difficulties and Inattention: A Systematic Review of Single-Case Design Studies. J. Behav. Educ. 2024, 33, 721–745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-023-09517-5
    28. 28. Kheang, T.; Chin, P.; Em, S. Reading Motivation to Promote Students’ Reading Comprehension: A Review Study. SSRN 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51483/IJLC.4.1.2024.1-8
    29. 29. Ilyas, H.; Istaryatiningtias, I. Blending Extensive and Intensive Reading to Enhance Critical Reading Skills in the EFL Context. J. Lang. Lang. Teach. 2025, 13, 1859–1872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v13i4.15441
    30. 30. Sandy, F.; Fidian, A. Sustaining Engagement during Reading Activities. Int. J. Educ. Lang. Relig. 2022, 4, 31–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35308/ijelr.v4i1.5417
    31. 31. Gebremariam, H.T.; Weldeyohannes, M.Z. Cultivating Students’ Reading Skills: Inspiring Reading Comprehension and Motivation through Critical Reading Strategies. Sage Open 2025, 15, 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251367189
    32. 32. Anderson, A.; Sodani, D.G.; Dennis, T.; et al. The Influence of Culturally Responsive Literacy Practices on Students’ Literacy Motivation. Sage Open 2025, 15, 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251326378
    33. 33. Chiu, T.K.F. Applying the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to Explain Student Engagement in Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Res. Technol. Educ. 2022, 54, S14–S30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1891998
    34. 34. Chavez, J.V.; Lamorinas, D.D.; Ceneciro, C.C. Message Patterns of Online Gender-Based Humor, Discriminatory Practices, Biases, Stereotyping, and Disempowering Tools through Discourse Analysis. Forum Linguist. Stud. 2023, 5, 1535. DOI: http://doi.org/10.59400.fls.v5i2.1535
    35. 35. Lapidot-Lefler, N. Teacher Responsiveness in Inclusive Education: A Participatory Study of Pedagogical Practice, Well-Being, and Sustainability. Sustainability 2025, 17, 2919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072919
    36. 36. Sandelowski, M. Whatever Happened to Qualitative Description? Res. Nurs. Health 2000, 23, 334–340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-240X(200008)23:4<334::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G
    37. 37. Shilbaye, S.; Abonamah, A. Predicting Student Enrollments and Attrition Patterns in Higher Education Institutions Using Machine Learning. Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol. 2021, 18, 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34028/18/4/8
    38. 38. Fernandez-Sanchez, H.; Marfo, E.A.; Santa Maria, D.; et al. Language Matters: Exploring Preferred Terms for Diverse Populations. Glob. Qual. Nurs Res. 2024, 11, 23333936241275266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23333936241275266
    39. 39. Mason, W.; Warmington, M. Academic Reading as a Grudging Act: How Do Higher Education Students Experience Academic Reading and What Can Educators Do about It? High. Educ. 2024, 88, 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01145-2
    40. 40. Xue, Y.; Khalid, F.; Karim, A. Cognitive and Behavioral Engagement Challenges in Open and Distance Learning and Potential Solutions from Artificial Intelligence. Front. Educ. 2025, 10, 1610148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1610148
    41. 41. Nurhadi, K.; Larasaty, G. The Low Motivated Factors in Extensive Reading Achievement. Res. Innov. Lang. Learn. 2018, 1, 141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33603/rill.v1i3.1433
    42. 42. Singun, A. Unveiling the Barriers to Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review. Discov. Educ. 2025, 4, 37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00430-9
    43. 43. Bermillo, J.; Merto, V. Collaborative Strategic Reading on Students’ Comprehension and Motivation. Eur. J. Engl. Lang. Teach. 2022, 7, 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46827/ejel.v7i1.4148
    44. 44. Sukovieff, A.; Kruk, R.S. Reading Difficulty and Socio-Emotional Adjustment: Internalizing Patterns Depend on Age of Identification. Cogent Educ. 2021, 8, 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.1910162
    45. 45. Kang, A.; Lim, Y.; Murdoch, Y.D. The Value of Reading Circles in EMI Class: Engagement, Usefulness, and Outcomes. Sage Open 2023, 13, 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231179681
    46. 46. Kelley, H.; Siwatu, K.; Tost, J.; et al. Culturally Familiar Tasks on Reading Performance and Self-Efficacy of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students. Educ. Psychol. Pract. 2015, 31, 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2015.1033616
    47. 47. Ulbricht, J.; Schachner, M.K.; Civitillo, S.; et al. Fostering Culturally Responsive Teaching through the Identity Project Intervention: A Qualitative Quasi-Experiment with Pre-Service Teachers. Identity 2024, 24, 307–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2024.2361890
    48. 48. Asrifan, A.; Tayibu, K.; Muhayyang, M.; et al. Traditional Learners vs. Non-Traditional Learners: Bridging the Educational Divide. In Mitigating Learner Disadvantages in Teaching and Learning; IGI Global Scientific Publishing: Hershey, PA, USA, 2025.
    49. 49. Ribeiro, J. Literary Perception, Reading Motivation, and Appreciation Skills of American High School Students. Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. 2025, 3, 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15551073
    50. 50. Budjalemba, A.; Listyani, L. Factors Contributing to Students’ Difficulties in Academic Writing Class: Students’ Perceptions. LLT 2020, 1, 135–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v1i2.2966
    51. 51. Dera, J. Students’ Perceptions of the Benefits of Literary Reading in School and Leisure Contexts. Educ. Sci. 2025, 15, 580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050580
    52. 52. Hao, H.; Conway, A.R.A. The Impact of Auditory Distraction on Reading Comprehension: An Individual Differences Investigation. Mem. Cogn. 2022, 50, 852–863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01242-6
    53. 53. Jiménez-Pérez, E.D.P.; de Vicente-Yagüe, J.M.I.; León Urrutia, M.; et al. Emotions and Reading: When Reading is the Best Way to Improve Skills in Adolescents. Front. Psychol. 2023, 14, 1085945. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1085945
    54. 54. Chitrakar, N.; P.M., D.R. Frustration and Its Influences on Student Motivation and Academic Performance. Int. J. Sci. Res. Mod. Sci. Technol. 2023, 2, 01–09. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59828/ijsrmst.v2i11.158
    55. 55. Odanga, S. Strategies for Increasing Students’ Self-Motivation. Asian Res. J. Arts Soc. Sci. 2018, 6, 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ARJASS/2018/41354
    56. 56. Berhanu Jarssa, A.; Woemego Bushisso, E.; Gebremariam Olamo, T. Effects of Integrated Reading Approach on EFL Secondary School Students: Enhancing Reading Self-Efficacy and Motivation. Sage Open 2025, 15, 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251370451
    ×