Volume 2 Issue 2: December 2023

This study is focused on the detection and typification of circular features with different sizes, origins, and states of erosion as well as on their surrounding tectonic setting, as well as on their impact on the environment and on the occurrence of natural hazards based on different satellite data of Egypt. Sentinel 2, Landsat and ASTER images and Sentinel 1- and ALOS L-band Phased Array Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR)-radar data make it possible to identify larger ring structures as well as smaller circular features like maars or sinkholes in karst areas. Evaluations of the various satellite data contribute to the systematic and standardized inventory ring structures, most of which are related to magmatic intrusions. Such an inventory is a prerequisite for hazard preparedness and should be part of natural hazard data mining integrated into a Geo Information System (GIS). Mapping traces of volcanic activities (craters, maars, cones) is essential as a contribution to land use planning. By gathering the data and integrating the knowledge of the different ring structures in standardized GIS data base one of the many steps towards hazard preparedness and adapted land use planning can be achieved. Circular features are often buried by aeolian and fluvial sediments and become only visible on radar images or on Landsat or ASTER RGB images combining thermal bands. Larger ring structures have not only an influence on groundwater flow but also on geodynamic activity (earthquakes and related secondary effects).

Flooding remains a persistent challenge in China, attributed to its diverse geography, rapid development, and changing climatic conditions. This article offers a comprehensive account of China's flood prevention strategies, highlighting both infrastructural measures, such as dams and urban drainage systems, and non-structural strategies, including early warning systems, land use planning, wetland restoration, and community preparedness. The discussion extends to national policies, such as the Flood Control Act and the Sponge City Initiative, along with localised governance efforts that have enhanced China's ability to manage flood risks effectively. Despite these initiatives, challenges persist due to climate change, socio-economic disparities, and the increasing occurrence of extreme weather events. Rising sea levels, intensified rainfall, and accelerated urban growth exacerbate vulnerabilities, thereby necessitating sustainable and adaptive strategies. The paper underscores the importance of integrating green infrastructure, promoting inclusive governance, and fostering international collaboration to achieve long-term flood resilience. By analyzing China's successes, limitations, and future directions, this review provides valuable insights for flood-prone regions globally, emphasising the need for a holistic and adaptive approach to flood management.

Tibet is the southernmost province of China and is one of the most seismically active areas in the world, experiencing regular earthquakes due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. These seismic activities not only affect the unique geological landscape but also have deep socioeconomic impacts. This article gives a comprehensive account of the multifaceted effects of earthquakes in Tibet, extending from immediate destruction of infrastructure, loss of precious lives, and environmental damage to long-term challenges such as displacement of people, economic disruption, damage to endangered heritage and public health issues. The remote location of the region in a difficult-to-access part, the traditional structure of society, and reliance on agriculture intensify its vulnerability to seismic risks. Policies for post-earthquake mitigation are crucial to reducing these impacts. This study highlights the importance of earthquake-resistant infrastructure, community-driven disaster preparedness, early alerts and warning systems, and efficient governmental measures. Moreover, the preservation of cultural heritage and international cooperation are key for sustainable recovery. By investigating the complex interconnection of geophysical forces and human activities, this article provides insights into effective disaster management and long-term recovery strategies in the seismically active and culturally rich Tibet region.