xEV Landscape in India and Future Trends-Scilight

New Energy Exploitation and Application

Article

xEV Landscape in India and Future Trends

Downloads

https://doi.org/10.54963/neea.v4i1.1230
Hazra, S., & Khan, A. (2025). xEV Landscape in India and Future Trends. New Energy Exploitation and Application, 4(1), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.54963/neea.v4i1.1230
Volume 4 Issue 1: June 2025
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandip Hazra, Arkadip Khan
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright

The authors shall retain the copyright of their work but allow the Publisher to publish, copy, distribute, and convey the work.

License

New Energy Exploitation and Application (NEEA)  publishes accepted manuscripts under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Authors who submit their papers for publication by New Energy Exploitation and Application (NEEA) agree to have the CC BY 4.0 license applied to their work, and that anyone is allowed to reuse the article or part of it free of charge for any purpose, including commercial use. As long as the author and original source is properly cited, anyone may copy, redistribute, reuse and transform the content.

Authors

  • Sandip Hazra

    Tata Motors. Ltd., Pune 411018, India
  • Arkadip Khan

    Tata Motors. Ltd., Pune 411018, India

Received: 13 April 2025; Revised: 20 May 2025; Accepted: 22 May 2025; Published: 5 June 2025

The electric and hybrid vehicles (xEVs) market in India is moving quickly due to enabling regulatory frameworks, ongoing technology developments and the preferences of buyers. It focuses on all the factors affecting India’s progress in xEVs by examining trends in use, government schemes such as FAME and the benefits provided by each state. In 2024, sales of electric vehicles (EVs) in India surpassed 1.95 million units which was 27% higher than the previous year and experts estimate up to 30% of the four wheeler (4W) segment to be electrified by 2030 under supportive policies, more than double the expected number without such policies. A thorough PESTEL assessment determines the main factors that influence EVs such as more charging stations (the number increased 80 times since 2015), issues with obtaining batteries in sufficient quantities, the high price of EVs and how consumers’ views are constantly shifting toward them. Artificial Intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) methods are used to understand what is likely to drive the market and how government policies and infrastructure development are essential for promoting electrification. The report also analyzes battery improvement, declining battery prices and what emissions mean over the lifecycle, all of which give useful guidance for creating a greener environment for electric cars across India. Linking data with impact evaluation, the research gives a complete understanding of India’s move toward electric vehicles and their impact on green transportation.

Keywords:

xEV FAME Scheme Charging Infrastructure AI/ML in EVs and EV Market

References

  1. Jhunjhunwala, A.; Kaur, P.; Mutagekar, S. Electric vehicles in india: A novel approach to scale electrification. IEEE Electrific. Mag. 2018, 6, 40–47.
  2. Natarajan, K. Growth of e-vehicle and de-growth of automobile industry in India. A J. Compos. Theory 2020, 13, 356–366.
  3. Chhikara, R.; Garg, R.; Chhabra, S.; et al. Factors affecting adoption of electric vehicles in India: An exploratory study. Transport Res D-Tr E 2021, 100, 103084.
  4. Ehsani, M.; Singh, K.V.; Bansal, H.O.; et al. State of the art and trends in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Proc. IEEE 2021, 109, 967–984.
  5. India ev sales: Jan 2022 to DEC 2022. Available online: https://evreporter.com/india-ev-sales-jan-2022-to-dec-2022/ (accessed on 4 March 2025).
  6. India’s electric vehicle sales crossed 2 million in CY2024. Available online: https://www.jmkresearch.com/indias-electric-vehicle-sales-crossed-2-million-in-cy2024/ (accessed on 12 November 2024).
  7. Aswani, G.; Bhadoria, V.S.; Singh, J. Electric vehicles in india: Opportunities and challenges. In Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Automation and Computational Engineering (ICACE), Greater Noida, India, 3–4 October 2018.
  8. Gujarathi, P.K.; Shah, V.A.; Lokhande, M.M. Electric vehicles in india: Market analysis with consumer perspective, policies and issues. J. Green Eng. 2018, 8, 17–36.
  9. Asokan, V.A.; Teah, H.Y.; Kawazu, E.; et al. Ambitious ev policy expedites the e-waste and socio-environmental impacts in India. Resources Conserv. Recycl. 2023, 190, 106829.
  10. Das, P.K.; Bhat, M.Y. Global electric vehicle adoption: implementation and policy implications for India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 40612–40622.
  11. Nair, S.; Rao, N.; Mishra, S.; et al. India’s charging infrastructure—biggest single point impediment in ev adaptation in India. In Proceedings of 2017 IEEE transportation electrification conference (ITEC-India), Pune, India, 13–15 December 2017.
  12. Gambhir, A. Safety considerations for ev charging in India: Overview of global and indian regulatory land-scape with respect to electrical safety. In Proceedings of 2017 IEEE transportation electrification conference (ITEC-India), Pune, India, 13–15 December 2017.
  13. Khan, W.; Ahmad, F.; Ahmad, A.; et al. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure in India: viability analysis. In Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on India Smart Grid Week, ISGW 2017, New Delhi, India, 7–10 March 2017.
  14. Ahmad, F.; Alam, M.S.; Shariff, S.M.; et al. A cost-efficient approach to ev charging station integrated community microgrid: A case study of indian power market. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific. 2019, 5, 200–214.
  15. Deb, S.; Tammi, K.; Kalita, K.; et al. Charging station placement for electric vehicles: a case study of guwahati city, India. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 100270–100282.
  16. Kumar, K.J.; Kumar, S.; V.S., N. Standards for electric vehicle charging stations in India: A review. Energy Storage 2022, 4, e261.
  17. Yadav, N.; Tripathi, R.; Kushawah, V.; et al. Charging ahead-addressing key barriers to electric vehicle market penetration in India. Int. J. Innov. Res. Computer Sci. & Tech. 2024, 12, 45–50.
  18. Sreeram, K.; Preetha, P.K.; Poornachandran, P.; et al. Electric vehicle scenario in India: roadmap, challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of 2019 IEEE international conference on electrical, computer and communication technologies (ICECCT), Coimbatore, India, 20–22 February 2019.
  19. Vidhi, R.; Shrivastava, P. A review of electric vehicle lifecycle emissions and policy recommendations to increase ev penetration in India. Energies 2018, 11, 483.
  20. Digalwar, A.K.; Thomas, R.G.; Rastogi, A. Evaluation of factors for sustainable manufacturing of electric vehicles in India. Procedia CIRP 2021, 98, 505–510.
  21. Tarei, P.K.; Chand, P.; Gupta, H. Barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles: Evidence from India. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 291, 125847.
  22. Dhar, S.; Pathak, M.; Shukla, P.R. Electric vehicles and India’s low carbon passenger transport: a long-term co-benefits assessment. J. Clean. Prod. 2017,146, 139–148.
  23. Bhattacharyya, S.S.; Thakre, S. Exploring the factors influencing electric vehicle adoption: an empirical investigation in the emerging economy context of India. Foresight 2021, 23, 311–326.
  24. Sankaran, G.; Venkatesan, S.; Prabhahar, M. Range anxiety on electric vehicles in india-impact on customer and factors influencing range anxiety. Mater. Today: Proc. 2020, 33, 895–901.
  25. Shukla, V. Electric vehicles in India: current trends and future forecasts. Int. J. Electr. Hybrid Vehicles 2021, 13, 117–126.
  26. Bansal, H.O.; Goyal, P. Enablers and barriers of electric vehicle in India: A review. In Proceedings of 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Energy, Signal Processing and Cyber Security (iSSSC), Gunupur Odisha, India, 16–17 December 2020.
  27. Khurana, A.; Kumar, V.R.; Sidhpuria, M. A study on the adoption of electric vehicles in India: The mediating role of attitude. Vision 2020, 24, 23–34.
  28. Digalwar, A.K.; Rastogi, A. Assessments of social factors responsible for adoption of electric vehicles in India: a case study. Int. J. Energy Sector Manage. 2023, 17, 251–264.
  29. Goel, P.; Sharma, N.; Mathiyazhagan, K.; et al. Government is trying but consumers are not buying: A barrier analysis for electric vehicle sales in India. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2021, 28, 71–90.
  30. Hema, R.; Venkatarangan, M. Adoption of ev: Landscape of ev and opportunities for India. Meas. Sens. 2022, 24, 100596.
  31. Faisal, F. An analysis of electric vehicle trends in developed nations: a sustainable solution for India. J. Undergrad. Res. 2017, 9, 1–8.
  32. Husain, I.; Ozpineci, B.; Islam, M.S.; et al. Electric drive technology trends, challenges, and opportunities for future electric vehicles. Proc. IEEE 2021, 109,1039–1059.
  33. Goel, S.; Sharma, R.; Rathore, A.K. A review on barrier and challenges of electric vehicle in India and vehicle to grid optimisation. Transp. Eng. 2021, 4, 100057.
  34. Aravamudhan, V.; Sengodan, A.; Mohanraj, P.S.; et al. Impact of artificial intelligence on ev industry and perceptual mapping in India. In Impact Of Artificial Intelligence On Ev Industry And Perceptual Mapping In India; Aravamudhan, V., Sengodan, A., Mohanraj, P.S., Eds.; The Seybold Report: Bengaluru, India, 2022; 17(07), pp. 1360–1373.
  35. Dixit, S.K.; Singh, A.K. Predicting electric vehicle (ev) buyers in india: a machine learning approach. Rev. Socionetwork Strateg. 2022, 16, 221–238.
  36. Vatanparvar, K.; Faezi, S.; Burago, I.; et al. Extended range electric vehicle with driving behavior estimation in energy management. IEEE trans. Smart Grid 2018, 10, 2959–2968.
  37. Lv, Z.; Qiao, L.; Cai, K.; et al. Big data analysis technology for electric vehicle networks in smart cities. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2020, 22, 1807–1816.
  38. Ray, S.; Mukherji, D. Financing ev transition in India. In A Primer on Electric Vehicles in India: A Machine-Generated Literature Overview; Ray, S., Mukherji, D. Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2024; pp. 215–238.
  39. Vimal, K.; Goel, P.; Sharma, N.; et al. Where there is a will there is a way: A strategy analysis for electric vehicles sales in India. Transp. Res. E-logist. Transp. Rev. 2024, 185, 103506.
  40. Chaturvedi, B.; Nautiyal, A.; Kandpal, T.; et al. Projected transition to electric vehicles in India and its impact on stakeholders. Energy Sus. Dev. 2022, 66, 189–200.
  41. Digalwar, A.K.; Giridhar, G. Interpretive structural modeling approach for development of electric vehicle market in India. Procedia Cirp 2015, 26, 40–45.
  42. Parmar, N.; Misra, A.; Ved, K.; et al. Modeling the key barriers to the development of ev industry in India: using ism and micmac analysis. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2021, 8, 1030–1046.
  43. India's electric vehicle journey: From FAME to PM E-DRIVE - key policies and progress. Available online: https://chargemod.com/blog/india-ev-policies-fame-pm-edrive1727265113EqK (accessed on 10 January 2025).
  44. India synchronizes ev sales and charging infrastructure growth in 2024. Available online: https://theicct.org/pr-india-synchronizes-ev-sales-and-charging-infrastructure-growth-in-2024 (accessed on 4 March 2025).
  45. Automobile domestic sales trends. Available online: https://www.siam.in/statistics.aspx?mpgid=8&pgidtrail=14 (accessed on 15 December 2024).
  46. International Energy Agency (IEA), 2024. Global EV Outlook 2024: Catching up with climate ambitions. Available online: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024 (accessed on 4 May 2025).
  47. India’s Electric Vehicle Policy Roadmap. Available online: https://www.niti.gov.in/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  48. Goods and Services Tax (GST) Rates on EVs and ICE Vehicles. Available online: https://dea.gov.in/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  49. Battery Price Outlook 2024. Available online: https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  50. Automobile Domestic Sales Trends 2024. Available online: https://www.siam.in/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  51. EV Consumer Perception and Uptake in Urban India. Available online: https://theicct.org/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  52. AI/ML-Based Energy Management in EVs: India’s Use Cases. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  53. Status of EV Charging Infrastructure in India. Available online: https://mohua.gov.in/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  54. GHG Emissions of India’s EV Transition. Available online: https://www.teriin.org/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  55. Global EV Outlook 2024: Recycling and Sustainability in India. Available online: https://www.iea.org/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).
  56. India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Available online: https://www.meity.gov.in/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).