A Multidimensional Framework for Assessing Exoplanet Habitability: Integrating Atmospheric, Stellar, and Geophysical Observations

Abstract:

Assessing exoplanet habitability remains a core challenge in astrophysics, as traditional single-factor metrics (e.g., orbital semi-major axis) fail to capture the complexity of life-sustaining conditions. This review presents a multidimensional framework integrating three key pillars—atmospheric composition, stellar activity, and planetary geophysics—using 2022–2025 observational data from JWST, TESS, and ground-based high-resolution spectrographs. We highlight advances such as: (1) JWST’s detection of water vapor and ozone in the atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1e (2.3σ significance); (2) TESS-derived stellar flare frequency models that refine habitable zone boundaries by 30% for M-dwarfs; (3) geophysical simulations linking mantle convection to surface habitability indicators (e.g., plate tectonics, magnetic field strength). The framework is validated by applying it to 15 potentially habitable exoplanets, identifying 4 (TRAPPIST-1e, Kepler-442b, Proxima Centauri b, LHS 1140 b) with congruent positive signals across all three pillars. We conclude by outlining future observational priorities, including characterization of super-Earth atmospheres with the upcoming Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs), to advance habitability assessment beyond theoretical modeling to data-driven validation.