Ecological Psychology and Human Behavior

Review

The Influence of Outdoor Recreational Activities on Cognitive Functions in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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https://doi.org/10.54963/ephb.v1i1.2289
Jacob, D. E., Jacob, I. D., Daniel, K. S., & Oko, P. A. (2025). The Influence of Outdoor Recreational Activities on Cognitive Functions in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Ecological Psychology and Human Behavior, 1(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.54963/ephb.v1i1.2289
Volume 1 Issue 1 (2025): In Progress

Authors

  • Daniel Etim Jacob

    Forestry and Wildlife Department, University of Uyo, Uyo 520101, Nigeria
  • Imaobong Daniel Jacob

    Forestry and Wildlife Department, University of Uyo, Uyo 520101, Nigeria
    Department of Forestry and Wildlife Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri 460261, Nigeria
  • Koko Sunday Daniel

    Forestry and Wildlife Department, University of Uyo, Uyo 520101, Nigeria
  • Pius Agaji Oko

    Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Calabar, Calabar 540271, Nigeria

Received: 13 July 2025; Revised: 4 September 2025; Accepted: 6 September 2025; Published: 1 October 2025

This paper examines the influence of outdoor recreational activities on cognitive functions in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Utilizing an integrative narrative review design anchored in the Biopsychosocial Model, the study synthesizes diverse evidence ranging from experimental trials to educational case studies to categorize nature’s benefits into biological, psychological, and social domains. The methodology involved an extensive digital search across major databases (2014–2024), employing Attention Restoration Theory and Stress Recovery Theory to interpret the cognitive and autonomic impacts of natural environments. Key findings reveal that outdoor engagement significantly enhances sustained attention, reduces impulsivity, and bolsters executive functions such as planning and organization. Nature-based activities are found to lower physiological stress markers, specifically cortisol levels, thereby stabilizing emotional regulation and creating a feedback loop that supports higher-order cognitive performance. Furthermore, physical movement in natural settings increases cerebral blood flow and neurotrophic factor release, which directly improves memory and cognitive flexibility. Based on these results, the paper recommends that schools integrate structured nature-based programs into daily curricula to improve student focus and retention. Policymakers are urged to establish mandates for outdoor playtime and invest in safe, accessible green spaces, particularly in urban areas. Ultimately, a collaborative approach among educators, clinicians, and parents is advocated to promote outdoor recreation as a viable, data-informed, non-pharmacological intervention for pediatric ADHD. 

Keywords:

ADHD Neuroplasticity Biopsychosocial Ecopsychology Neuroergonomics Outdoor Recreation

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