The Impact of Community-Based Physical Activity Programs on Mental Health and Social Wellbeing Among Socially Marginalized Adults: A Cross-National Study

Abstract:

This study investigates the effects of community-based physical activity (CBPA) programs on mental health (anxiety, depression, self-esteem) and social wellbeing (social connection, community belonging) among socially marginalized  adults (low-income groups, ethnic minorities, persons with mild disabilities). A cross-sectional survey of 2,847 participants across five countries (USA, Australia, UK, Chile, and South Africa) was conducted between 2021–2023. Participants in CBPA programs (n=1,423) reported significantly lower anxiety (β=-0.32, p<0.001) and depression scores (β=-0.28, p<0.001), higher self-esteem (β=0.41, p<0.001), stronger social connection (β=0.38, p<0.001), and greater community belonging (β=0.35, p<0.001) compared to non-participants (n=1,424). Program characteristics—including group-based sessions, culturally tailored activities, and trained peer leaders—moderated these effects. Findings highlight CBPA programs as cost-effective interventions to address mental health disparities and enhance social cohesion among marginalized populations, offering actionable insights for public health policymakers and community organizations.