Soil salinization is a major abiotic stress constraining agricultural productivity worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a globally important cereal crop, is highly sensitive to salt stress, which severely impairs its growth, development, and yield. The rhizosphere microbial community, as a key component of the soil-plant system, plays a pivotal role in enhancing plant salt tolerance by regulating soil physicochemical properties, promoting nutrient acquisition, and producing stress-alleviating metabolites. However, the response mechanisms and functional adaptation strategies of rhizosphere microbial communities in wheat under salt stress remain inadequately understood. In this study, three salt stress levels (non-salt stress, low salt stress, high salt stress) were set to investigate the changes in rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities of wheat using high-throughput sequencing combined with functional prediction. The results showed that salt stress significantly altered the rhizosphere microbial community structure, with high salt stress reducing the bacterial and fungal Shannon indices by 21.3% and 19.8% compared to non-salt stress, respectively. Taxonomically, salt stress enriched salt-tolerant taxa, including Halomonas, Bacillus (bacteria) and Aspergillus, Penicillium (fungi), while decreasing the relative abundance of salt-sensitive taxa such as Acidobacteriota and Basidiomycota. Functional annotation revealed that pathways related to salt stress adaptation (e.g., compatible solute synthesis, ion transport), nutrient cycling (e.g., nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization), and plant growth promotion (PGP) were significantly enriched under salt stress. Redundancy analysis indicated that soil electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and root exudate components (e.g., proline, trehalose) were the key drivers shaping the rhizosphere microbial community structure. These findings clarify the adaptive strategies of rhizosphere microbial communities in wheat under salt stress and provide a scientific basis for developing microbe-based strategies to improve wheat salt tolerance and remediate saline soils.