The partition optimization and option of renewable energy source for specific place are basic problems which include multiple objectives, such as cost, benefit, and adjustable performance, etc. Particularly, partition optimization is a specific optimal design under the constraint condition of the summation of the proportion of each component being 100%, i.e., a “mixture design” problem in principle. In this paper, the combination of probabilistic multi-objective optimization (PMOO) with uniform design for mixture (UDM) is employed to solve the problems of partition optimization and the option of renewable energy source for specific place. In the study, PMOO is used to converse the multi-objective optimization problem (MOO) into a mono-objective one, and UDM with discretization treatment is used to provide a greatly simplified assessment with a set of homogeneous sampling points in the optimization design with the constraint condition of the summation of total partition ratios being 100% specifically. In the optimization of partition ratios of a hydroelectricity power system, the total estimated expenditure is minimized, and the annual average power generation of three hydropower stations is maximized in the system. It gives the rounding-off optimum partitions of the three hydropower stations as 66 kW, 55 kW and 109 kW under the condition of a total installed capacity of 230 kW, respectively; the total cost and annual power generation are 4.3251 billion yuan and 127.7356 billion degrees correspondingly. Subsequently, the study on the selection of renewable energy source in specific place in India results in solar energy as the appropriate option.

Significant investments have been made in solar street lighting due to its cost-effectiveness compared to grid electricity. Some factors affect the performance of solar street lights. The research investigated battery types, switching systems, shading, inclination, and orientation effects on sampled solar street lights. Systematic sampling and selection of street lights were based on the Yamane Taro formula. Data was collected through fieldwork measurements and observations in addition to the use of questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Python were used to analyze the data. Results showed that switching mechanisms, charging systems, and battery type significantly influenced the performance of the studied solar street lights. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) and ultra-capacitors (UCs) outperformed lead-acid batteries, keeping the lights on longer by up to 3 hours compared to flooded lead-acid batteries. Some charge controller components, such as regulating capacitors, were faulty and affected the lithium-ion batteries and ultra-capacitors. The failures caused the batteries to overcharge, resulting in swelling and bursting. The majority of the solar street lights were found to be oriented in the northeast, with some facing northwest in roads like Lumumba, Great North, and Mosi-O-Tunya. Solar panels in the northwest along Lumumba Road and Great North Road exhibited an average power output of 89 W, while those oriented in the northeast had an average power output of 84 W.

The performance of a domestic biogas stove was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions to assess its thermal efficiency, gas consumption rate, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The biogas used—comprising 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide—simulated typical output from anaerobic digestion of organic waste. A standardized water boiling test, conducted three times, simulated cooking conditions. Key parameters such as gas consumption, boiling time, final water temperature, and ambient conditions were recorded. Thermal efficiency was determined by comparing the heat transferred to water with the energy content of the consumed biogas. The stove showed consistent performance, averaging a gas consumption rate of 1.5 L/min and a thermal efficiency of 54.3%, indicating effective energy use. CO emissions averaged 13 ppm, remaining below WHO indoor air quality limits, suggesting efficient combustion and safe indoor operation. Minor performance variations were attributed to operational factors like flame control and pot placement. Based on the observed consumption rate, a household cooking for about two hours daily would require 180 liters of biogas per day, ensuring a stable supply. Overall, the stove proved to be an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional biomass fuels. It offers a cleaner, safer cooking solution for rural and off-grid households by reducing harmful emissions and improving indoor air quality. These findings support the broader adoption of biogas technology for sustainable domestic energy use.

The simple storage of ammonia, combined with the tendency to liberate hydrogen without carbon dioxide emissions, has made ammonia breakdown popular among the research community in recent years. It has evolved as a promising method for hydrogen (H₂) production. The discussion highlights the critical role of catalyst composition, support materials, and promoters in enhancing activity, stability, and scalability. By comparing the advantages and limitations of each method, this work provides a roadmap for future research aimed at optimising NH₃-to-H₂ conversion for sustainable energy applications. This review article has discussed the current advances in ammonia breakdown technology for hydrogen generation, focusing on new materials and mechanical designs for catalysis especially emphasising thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic methods. Importance is given to exploring the recent developments of efficient and cost-effective catalysts, including monometallic (e.g., Ru, Ni) and bimetallic systems (e.g., Ru-Ni, Ni-Co), as well as metal hydrides. The Challenges, like high reaction temperatures, slow kinetics, and catalyst deactivation, are explored, and prospective solutions, such as low-temperature oxidative cleavage and plasma-assisted methods. The review also explores the mechanistic insights into NH₃ decomposition pathways and the synergistic effects of bimetallic catalysts. Moreover, it would help to update the knowledge about the catalytic reaction processes and emphasise the benefits and drawbacks of each strategy. Furthermore, the significance of discovering a cost-effective metal catalyst with better efficiency and higher reliability is also debated. This article may serve as a fundamental resource to scale up information about the catalytic production of hydrogen from ammonia.

This study proposes a strategic governance framework to accelerate the scalable deployment of clean energy startups in emerging economies. Startups in solar, hydrogen, storage, and smart grid technologies play a vital role in advancing energy transitions. However, in regions such as India, Nigeria, and Brazil, these ventures face systemic barriers including fragmented policies, financing gaps, and limited institutional coordination. This research integrates stakeholder ecosystem mapping, multi-level governance theory, and innovation helix models with simulation-based scenario analysis to address these challenges. Using System Dynamics (SD) and Agent-Based Modeling (ABM), the study evaluates three governance scenarios: centralized, decentralized, and public–private partnership (PPP) across key performance indicators: startup survival rate, scaling velocity, policy responsiveness, and stakeholder alignment. Case insights inform the modeling logic and highlight trade-offs across governance types. Findings suggest that PPP-based models offer the most balanced performance, combining scalability with institutional adaptability, while decentralized models support local innovation but require stronger systemic integration. Centralized governance, though stable, risks stifling entrepreneurship. This research contributes to a simulation-informed governance framework that can guide clean energy policy design, startup ecosystem development, and adaptive regulation in resource-constrained settings. It also provides a transferable foundation for future empirical studies and potential application to climate-tech entrepreneurship and carbon credit systems.