Despite ongoing efforts to expand rural electrification in developing countries, many communities still lack reliable and affordable electricity. Low population densities, limited economic activity, and modest energy demand make grid extension costly and impractical in remote areas. As a result, renewable energy microgrids are increasingly viewed as viable alternatives for supporting local deve...

A high penetration of wind and solar generation within the generation mix will result in an increased supply risk due to the random variations inherent in renewable generation. This document proposes a new methodology for calculating system marginal costs as part of generation fleet expansion planning that accounts for the impact of these random variations. This new methodology incorporates an ...

This study examined how carbon pricing and compliance costs affect corporate trading behaviour in carbon markets. It addressed a gap in understanding how market-oriented climate policies shape corporate conduct at the micro level. The study used a two-stage quantitative methodology and analysed 5,000 firm-level records from four sectors (cement, energy, manufacturing, steel) and multiple fuel t...