Antimicrobial Resistance in Community-Acquired Infections: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Mitigation Strategies
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major global public health threat, particularly in community-acquired infections (CAIs) which account for a substantial proportion of global infectious disease burden. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of AMR in common CAIs (urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections), identify key risk factors associated with AMR development, and propose targeted mitigation strategies. A cross-sectional study was conducted across 15 communities in 5 countries (Canada, Japan, India, Spain, Brazil) from January 2022 to December 2023, involving 4,216 patients with confirmed CAIs and 512 community healthcare providers. Microbiological testing, questionnaire surveys, and in-depth interviews were employed to collect data. The results showed that the overall prevalence of AMR in CAIs was 38.7%, with the highest rate in urinary tract infections (45.2%) followed by respiratory tract infections (36.8%) and skin and soft tissue infections (31.5%). Key risk factors included inappropriate antimicrobial use, prior antimicrobial exposure within 6 months, comorbidities (diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases), and poor infection control practices in community healthcare settings. Based on these findings, a multi-layered mitigation framework was proposed, encompassing antimicrobial stewardship in community settings, public health education, strengthening of diagnostic capacity, and intersectoral collaboration. This study provides critical insights into the AMR landscape in CAIs and offers actionable strategies for mitigating the AMR crisis at the community level, which is essential for safeguarding global public health security.