This research examines how specific digital technologies—including artificial intelligence (AI) systems based on machine learning algorithms, data analytics platforms for real-time decision support, cloud computing infrastructures, Internet of Things (IoT) sensor network applications, and digital market platforms—affect the economic performance of Greek enterprises. Rather than treating digitalization as a homogeneous input, the analysis explicitly distinguishes between technology types and their application mechanisms within firms. Market-facing technologies (e-commerce systems and digital marketing platforms) operate primarily through demand expansion and market access, while production- and decision-oriented technologies (AI, machine learning-based analytics, IoT sensor networks, and cloud infrastructures) affect performance through process optimization, resource allocation efficiency, and organizational learning. Using a theory-driven and visualization-based analytical framework grounded in enterprise survey evidence, the study evaluates the association between individual and combined technology adoption and key performance indicators, including output growth, labor productivity, and total factor productivity (TFP). The results indicate that AI and data analytics systems enhance productivity through algorithmic optimization and data-driven decision processes, while IoT applications contribute via real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and input efficiency improvements. Cloud computing functions as a general-purpose enabling infrastructure, amplifying the productivity effects of other technologies. Enterprises adopting multiple complementary technologies exhibit significantly stronger performance outcomes than single-technology adopters, with multi-technology integration associated with TFP gains of approximately 15–20% in digitally mature firms. The findings highlight that digital transformation improves economic performance primarily through technology-specific application mechanisms and cross-technology complementarities, rather than through generic digital adoption alone.