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Cybersecurity Issues in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Analysis of Existing Bluetooth Vulnerabilities

Dimitris Angelakis ORCID
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens 12243, Greece
Errikos Ventouras
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens 12243, Greece
Spyros Kostopoulos
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens 12243, Greece
Pantelis Asvestas
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens 12243, Greece
Received: 31 May 2024
Published: 10 July 2024

Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) hold immense promise for human benefits, enabling communication between the brain and computer-controlled devices. Despite their potential, BCIs face significant cybersecurity risks, particularly from Bluetooth vulnerabilities. This study investigates Bluetooth vulnerabilities in BCIs, analysing potential risks and proposing mitigation measures. Various Bluetooth attacks such as Bluebugging, Bluejacking, Bluesnarfing, BlueBorne, Location Tracking, Man-in-the-Middle Attack, KNOB, BLESA and Reflection Attack are explored, along with their potential consequences on commercial BCI systems. Each attack is examined in terms of its modus operandi and effective mitigation strategies.

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