A Longitudinal Study on NLP-Enhanced Bilingual Pedagogy for Non-Linguistic Majors

Digital Technologies Research and Applications

Article

A Longitudinal Study on NLP-Enhanced Bilingual Pedagogy for Non-Linguistic Majors

Ibragimova, S., Pulatova, Z., Tursunova, U., Azimova, N., Khodjikulova, S., Kuzikulova, D., Khusamiddinova, M., Nutfiyeva, D., Khudoyarova, Z., & Zarina, K. (2026). A Longitudinal Study on NLP-Enhanced Bilingual Pedagogy for Non-Linguistic Majors. Digital Technologies Research and Applications, 5(1), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.54963/dtra.v5i1.1985

Authors

  • Sevara Ibragimova

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Ziyoda Pulatova

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Umidaxon Tursunova

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Nilufar Azimova

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Shahlo Khodjikulova

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Dilfuzaxon Kuzikulova

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Malika Khusamiddinova

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Dildora Nutfiyeva

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Ziyoda Khudoyarova

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan
  • Khasanova Zarina

    Department of Foreign Languages Education, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan

Received: 2 December 2025; Revised: 23 January 2026; Accepted: 5 February 2026; Published: 28 February 2026

Persistent dissatisfaction with the outcomes of conventional English instruction in bilingual classroom settings has highlighted the need for more effective pedagogical models for non-linguistic majors in regional universities. These challenges are particularly pronounced in small, instructor-led groups taught primarily by non-native English-speaking lecturers under constrained institutional conditions. The study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate a bilingual teaching model enhanced by emerging natural language processing (NLP) tools in order to improve learner engagement, motivation, and language proficiency among non-linguistic majors. It also sought to examine how technological support could mitigate external and institutional factors that limit the effectiveness of traditional instruction. A longitudinal research design was employed, covering the period from 2008 to 2017. The study combined qualitative analysis of institutional and instructional conditions with the implementation of an integrated foreign-language environment that embedded NLP tools into classroom activities, feedback mechanisms, and assessment practices. Student progress was monitored through a hybrid system integrating conventional assessment instruments with NLP-supported data tracking. The findings demonstrate that the NLP-enhanced bilingual model significantly increased student motivation and produced measurable gains in English proficiency over time. The novelty of the study lies in its early and systematic integration of NLP applications into bilingual pedagogy within non-linguistic programs, offering empirically grounded insights into technology-supported language instruction and providing a transferable framework for institutions operating in comparable educational contexts.

Keywords:

Academic Communication Assessment Monitoring Bilingual Education Curriculum Development Integrated Language Environment Technology-Enhanced Learning

References

  1. Abramova, I.E. Phonological Variations Outside the Natural Language Environment; Flinta: Moscow, Russia, 2012. (in Russian)
  2. Abramova, I.; Sherekhova, O.; Shishmolina, E. Anxiety as a Negative Factor in Learning a Foreign Language by Non-Linguistic Students. Vestn. Kostromsk. Gos. Univ. Ser.: Pedag. Psychol. Sociokinet. 2016, 22, 168–171. (in Russian)
  3. Abramova, I.; Shishmolina, E. Quality Control in Foreign Language Teaching. Vysshee Obraz. v Ross. 2015, 144–149. (in Russian)
  4. Docking, R. Competency-Based Curricula the Big Picture. Prospect 1994, 9, 8–17.
  5. Absolute English. Available online: http://aeon.co/magazine/science/how-did-science-come-to-speak-only-english/ (accessed on 1 December 2025).
  6. Vemuri, R.B.; Ram, M.R.; Kota, S.K. Attitudinal Barriers for Learning English as Second Language: Problem Analysis. Int. J. Eng. Lang. Lit. 2013, 1, 30–35.
  7. Finkelstein, M.; Iglesias, K.; Panova, A.; et al. Prospects of Young Professionals in the Academic Labor Market: Global Comparison and Assessment. Educ. Stud. Mosc. 2014, 20–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2014-2-20-43 (in Russian)
  8. Kutateladze, M. Good English a Hurdle for Tertiary Education; Troitskiy Variant: Nauka: Moscow, Russia, 2015; p. 7. (in Russian)
  9. Kuzminov, Y. A Professional Skills Assessment System Will Be Available by 2018; Izvestia: Moscow, Russia, 2020. (in Russian)
  10. Klarin, K. Innovations in Education: Conceptual Challenges for Didactics. Dom. Foreign Pedagog. 2014, 4, 54–62. (in Russian)
  11. Chen, G.-M.; Starosta, W.J. Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In The Global Intercultural Communication Reader; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2008; pp. 215–237.
  12. Moeller, A.J.; Catalano, T. Foreign Language Teaching and Learning. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences; Elsevier: London, UK, 2015; pp. 327–332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92082-8
  13. Nunan, D. Task-Based Language Teaching; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667336
  14. Richards, J.C.; Rodgers, T.S. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009024532
  15. Shumskyi, O. Modern Approaches to Foreign Language Teaching: World Experience. Comp. Prof. Pedagogy 2016, 6, 41–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2016-0006
  16. Ellis, R. Task-Based Language Learning and Teaching. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2003.
  17. Komiya Samimy, K.; Kobayashi, C. Perspectives: Toward the Development of Intercultural Communicative Competence: Theoretical and Pedagogical Implications for Japanese English Teachers. JALT J. 2004, 26, 245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37546/JALTJJ26.2-7
  18. Soruç, A.; Yuksel, D.; Horzum, B.; et al. Linguistic and non-linguistic factors impacting EMI academic success: a longitudinal study. High Educ 2024, 88, 1947–1968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-024-01195-0
  19. Bai, C.; Hu, J. The effect of foreign language enjoyment on the willingness to communicate of non-English majors: the mediating role of L2 grit and academic buoyancy. Front. Educ. 2025, 10, 1614742. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1614742
  20. Zhang, X.; Umeanowai, K.O. Exploring the transformative influence of artificial intelligence in EFL context: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Educ Inf Technol 2025, 30, 3183–3198.
  21. Huang, L.; Liu, M. The impact of technology on foreign language anxiety: A systematic review of empirical studies from 2004 to 2024. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 2025, 12, 1665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05921-6
  22. He, J.; Lv, H. Analysis of factors influencing the use of new forms of foreign language textbooks from the perspective of sociocultural theory. Front. Educ. 2025, 10, 1670872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1670872
  23. Liu, H.; Dong, H. Authentic Language Models and Authenticity in the Foreign Language Classrooms. J. Educ. Res. Polic. 2024, 6, 61–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53469/jerp.2024.06(08).13
  24. Haciyeva, A. Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Language Teaching. EuroGlobal J. Linguist. Lang. Educ. 2025, 2, 99–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.69760/egjlle.2505008
  25. Jiang, S.; Numtong, K.; Asavaratana, W. Toward sustained interaction: investigating the drivers of continued use of AI chatbots for language learning in Confucius Institutes. Front. Educ. 2025, 10, 1656204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1656204
  26. Zhang, Y.; Dong, C. Exploring the Digital Transformation of Generative AI-Assisted Foreign Language Education: A Socio-Technical Systems Perspective Based on Mixed-Methods. Systems 2024, 12, 462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110462
  27. Wu, W.; Kabilan, M.K. Foreign language enjoyment in language learning from a positive psychology perspective: a scoping review. Front. Psychol. 2025, 16, 1545114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1545114
  28. Dong, S.; Wang, H.; Dong, J. The complex interactions between foreign language emotions and engagement in AI-assisted EFL classrooms. System 2026, 137, 103900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2025.103900
  29. Ravikumar, R.N.; Aarthi, S.; Urazbaeva, Y.; et al. Mastering the Art of Prompting: Strategies for Precision, Creativity, and Control. In Advanced AI and Prompt Engineering Techniques and Resources; IGI Global Scientific Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 2026; pp. 1–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0250-8.ch001
  30. Khakimova, M.; Jakhongir, S.; Fayzullayeva, N.; et al. Neuroscientific Discoveries and Their Implications for Early Childhood Language Education. Forum Linguist. Stud. 2025, 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i3.8446